AQ. initial voiced stops became spirants; [{bdg}-] > [{βðɣ}-]
References ✧ PE17/153; PE19/69-70, 75, 79
Order ()
After | [ɣ], [x] assimilated to following [j], [w] | |||
After | initial [d-] became [l-] | |||
After | medial voiced stops became spirants except after nasals |
Related
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE17/153 (b > v; initial); PE18/105 (b > v); PE19/69 (b > ƀ) |
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✧ PE19/69 (d > đ; medially between vowels); PE17/153 (d > l; initial) |
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✧ PE17/153 (g > ʒ; initial); PE19/70 (g > ʒ); PE19/70 (g > ʒ); PE19/75 (gw > ʒw; initially); PE19/79 (gr > ʒr; initially); PE19/79 (gl > ʒl; initially) |
ᴱQ. initial voiced stops became voiceless; [{bdggʷ}-] > [{ptkkʷ}-]
Reference ✧ PE12/17
Order ()
After | initial [gʷ] became [w] | |||
After | palatals became dentals before [i] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
balava- > palava- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palava- | ✧ QL/71 |
balāva- > palāva- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palāva | ✧ QL/71 |
balis > palis | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palis | ✧ QL/71 |
balo > palo | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palo | ✧ QL/71 |
balta > palta | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palta | ✧ QL/71 |
balwa- > palwa- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palwa- | ✧ QL/71 |
bē > pē | b- > p- | ᴱ√PĒ > ᴱQ. pē | ✧ QL/72 |
bondo > pondo | b- > p- | ᴱ√BOÐO > ᴱQ. pondo | ✧ QL/75 |
bonte > ponte | b- > p- | ᴱ√POT-I > ᴱQ. ponte | ✧ QL/75 |
bosta > posta | b- > p- | ᴱ√BOÐO > ᴱQ. posta | ✧ QL/75 |
bote > pote | b- > p- | ᴱ√POT-I > ᴱQ. pote | ✧ QL/75 |
botsi > potsi | b- > p- | ᴱ√POT-I > ᴱQ. potsi | ✧ QL/75 |
bulko > pulko | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulko | ✧ QL/75 |
bulme > pulme | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulme | ✧ QL/75 |
bulu- > pulu- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulu- | ✧ QL/75 |
bulwa > pulwa | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulwa | ✧ QL/75 |
burja- > purja- | b- > p- | ᴱ✶búrı̯ā > ᴱQ. purya | ✧ PE13/116 |
dā > tā | d- > t- | ᴱ✶dagā́ > ᴱQ. tá- | ✧ PE13/161 |
dā > tā | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tā | ✧ QL/87 |
da > ta | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tă | ✧ QL/87 |
dā > tā | d- > t- | ᴱ✶da’a > dā > ᴱQ. tá | ✧ PE13/142 |
dajorme > tajorme | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAʕA > ᴱQ. tayorme | ✧ QL/87 |
dāra > tāra | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tāra | ✧ QL/87 |
daramb > taramb | d- > t- | ᴱ√TARAMA > ᴱQ. taran | ✧ QL/89 |
dāri > tāri | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tāri | ✧ QL/87 |
darwa > tarwa | d- > t- | ᴱ✶dar’wa- > ᴱQ. tarwa | ✧ PE13/161 |
dorme > torme | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > tahorme > taorme > ᴱQ. torme | ✧ QL/87 |
gala- > kala- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kala- | ✧ QL/44 |
gala > kala | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kala | ✧ QL/44 |
galaine > kalaine | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalaine | ✧ QL/44 |
gāle > kāle | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kále | ✧ QL/44 |
galenda > kalenda | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalenda | ✧ QL/44 |
galle > kalle | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalle | ✧ QL/44 |
gallu- > kallu- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kal(l)u- | ✧ QL/44 |
galma > kalma | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalma | ✧ QL/44 |
galmarn > kalmarn | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalmar | ✧ QL/44 |
galta- > kalta- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalta- | ✧ QL/44 |
galwa > kalwa | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalwa | ✧ QL/44 |
gargo > kargo | g- > k- | ᴱ✶grgu- > ᴱQ. karko | ✧ PE13/144 |
garθa- > karθa- | g- > k- | ᴱ√gṛþ- > ᴱQ. karda | ✧ GL/42 |
giw- > kiw- | g- > k- | ᴱ√giu̯i > ᴱQ. kiu̯ | ✧ GL/39 |
gōpa > kōpa | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOPO > ᴱQ. kópa | ✧ QL/47 |
gos > kos | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOSO > ᴱQ. kos | ✧ QL/48 |
gosar > kosar | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOSO > ᴱQ. kosar | ✧ QL/48 |
gosta- > kosta- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOSO > ᴱQ. kosta- | ✧ QL/48 |
gwin > kwin | g- > k- | ᴱ√QIMI > ᴱQ. qin | ✧ QL/77 |
gwinde > kwinde | g- > k- | ᴱ√QIMI > ᴱQ. (i) qinde | ✧ QL/77 |
gʷen > kʷen | gʷ- > kʷ- | ᴱ✶Gwendi- > ᴱQ. Qen | ✧ PE13/146 |
ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels; [V{bddʲggʷ}] > [V{βððʲɣɣʷ}]
Order ()
Before | [ð] became [z] | |||
Before | 02500 | [ɣ] otherwise vanished |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE12/16 (b > v (w); medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (d > z; medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (d͡y > ẏ; medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (g > -; medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (g͡w > ẇ; medial) |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
ambodt > amboðt | Vd > Vð | ᴱ✶a-mbod-t’ > ᴱQ. ambos | ✧ PE13/139 |
fada > faða | Vd > Vð | ᴱ✶swada > ᴱQ. fara | ✧ PE13/146 |
daga > daɣa | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶dagā́ > ᴱQ. tá- | ✧ PE13/161 |
daɣā > daɣa | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶da’a > dā > ᴱQ. tá | ✧ PE13/142 |
gʷegie > gʷeɣie | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶gu̯eg- > ᴱQ. wie | ✧ GL/44 |
nēgitte > nēɣitte | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶nēgittĕ > ᴱQ. neite | ✧ GL/60 |
negōn > neɣōn | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶negōn > ᴱQ. nion | ✧ GL/60 |
ndagta- > ndakta- | gt > kt | ᴱ✶ndag+ta > ᴱQ. nahta- | ✧ PE14/66 |