Eldamo : Middle Primitive Elvish : GAL²

ᴹ√GAL² root. “grow, thrive”

See √GAL¹ for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/ÁLAM, GALA; EtyAC/GAL², GAL(AS); PE22/98, 113

Glosses

“grow” ✧ PE22/113
“grow, spread, increase” ✧ EtyAC/GAL² (GAL²)
“grow, thrive, prosper, be healthy, be glad” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) (GAL)
“thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA (GALA)

Variations

GAL ✧ PE22/98; PE22/113; EtyAC/GAL² (GAL²); EtyAC/GAL(AS) (GAL)
GALA ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/GALA

GAL “grow, thrive, prosper, be healthy, be glad” seems to have had the sense “grow” transferred to ol “grow” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)
AL had its derivatives transferred to GALA ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
AL had its derivatives transferred to GALA “thrive” ✧ EtyAC/AL
ᴱ√AW̯A “*wealth” has its sense “rich, prosperous” later assigned to GAL² “grow, thrive”

Changes

GAL “grow, thrive, prosper, be healthy, be glad” >> GAL(AS) “prosperity, abundance, wealth, gladness” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)

Derivatives

> ᴹ✶galā- “to grow” ✧ PE22/98
- > ᴹQ. ala- “to grow” ✧ PE22/98; PE22/106
  - ⇒ ᴹQ. alanwa “fully grown, adult, mature” ✧ PE22/112
- > ON. #gala- “to grow” ✧ PE22/26
  - > N. gala- “to grow”
> ᴹ√GALAD “tree” ✧ Ety/GALA
- ⇒ Ilk. galbreth “beech” ✧ Ety/BERÉTH; Ety/NEL
- > Ilk. gald “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD
  - ⇒ Ilk. galbreth “beech” ✧ Ety/GALAD
- > ᴹ✶galadā “tree”
  - > ᴹQ. alda “tree” ✧ SD/302
    - ⇒ 11 compounds
  - > N. galadh “tree” ✧ SD/302
    - ⇒ 14 compounds
- > ᴹQ. alda “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD; Ety/GALAD
  - ⇒ 11 compounds
- > N. galadh “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD; Ety/GALAD
  - ⇒ 14 compounds
- > ✶galadā “great plant, tree”
  - > Nan. galad “tree” ✧ PE17/50
    - ⇒ Nan. Caras Galadon ✧ PE17/60
    - ⇒ Nan. Galadrim “Tree-people” ✧ PE17/50
  - ⇒ ✶galadarembinā “tree-meshed”
    - > Q. aldarembina “tree-meshed” ✧ PE17/127
    - > S. galadhremmen “tree-meshed” ✧ PE17/127
  - > Q. alda “tree” ✧ Let/426; NM/352; PE17/25; PE17/50; PE17/63; PE17/135; PE17/153; PE17/153; VT39/7
    - ⇒ 20 compounds
  - > S. galadh “tree” ✧ Let/426; NM/349; NM/352; PE17/25; PE17/50; PE17/63; PE17/136; PE17/153; PE17/153; UT/267
    - ⇒ 17 compounds
  - > T. galada “tree” ✧ NM/352
- > ✶galādu “thicket”
> ᴹ√GALAS “joy, be glad” ✧ Ety/GALA
- > ᴹQ. alasse “joy, merriment” ✧ Ety/GALÁS
- > ᴹQ. alla “hail!” ✧ EtyAC/GALÁS; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
- > N. glass “joy, *happiness” ✧ Ety/BOR; Ety/GALÁS
  - ⇒ N. Borlas ✧ Ety/BOR; Ety/GALÁS; EtyAC/GALÁS
  - ⇒ ᴺS. !glassui “joyful, happy”
  - ⇒ S. Araglas “*Royal-joy”
- > ^ᴺ✶galast- “marble, (orig.) thing pleasant to touch”
  - > ᴺQ. alas “marble”
    - ⇒ ᴺQ. alasta “of marble, marble”
  - > ᴺS. glast “marble”
    - ⇒ ᴺS. ^glathren “[of or like] marble”
- > ᴺQ. !alarya- “to be happy or merry, rejoice”
- > ᴺQ. !alasta-¹ “to make happy, cheer (up)”
- > ᴺQ. !alasta-² “to be merry, rejoice”
- > ᴺS. !galtha- “to be glad”
- > ᴺS. !glaich “merry, joyous, happy”
- > ᴺS. !glasta-² “to make happy”
- > Q. alassë “happiness”
  - ⇒ ᴺQ. !alassëa “joyful, happy, *merry”
  - ⇒ ᴺQ. !harnalasse “schadenfreude, malicious enjoyment derived from observing someone else’s misfortune, (lit.) wound-joy”
> ᴹQ. al- “to thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
> ᴹQ. alla “hail!” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)
> ᴹQ. alma “good fortune, weal, wealth, *well-being” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
- ⇒ ᴺQ. !almien “cheers, (lit.) to good fortune”
> ᴹQ. almare “blessedness, blessings, good fortune, bliss” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
- ⇒ 4 compounds
> ᴹQ. alta- “to (make) grow” ✧ EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
> ᴹQ. alwa “well-grown” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)
> ᴹQ. alya “rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
> N. gala- “to grow” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²
⇒ N. Galadhor ✧ Ety/GALA
> N. galas “growth, plant” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²
> N. Galdor ✧ Ety/GALA
> N. galw “?increase, growth” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²

ᴱ√ALA² root. “spread‽”

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “spread”, though Tolkien marked the gloss with a question mark (QL/29). Its most notable derivative was ᴱQ. alda “tree”, and the Gnomish cognates of this word likewise began with a. In later writings, Tolkien gave a new etymology for this Quenya word from the root ᴹ√GALAD with Sindarin/Noldorin cognate galadh (Ety/GALAD; Let/426). The basic sense of the early root ᴱ√ALA² “spread” may have evolved into the later root √GAL² “grow, flourish”.

References ✧ LT1A/Aldaron; QL/29, 32

Glosses

“spread” ✧ LT1A/Aldaron
“spread‽” ✧ QL/29

ALA² “spread‽” = LĀHA ✧ QL/29
ARA “‽spread, extend sideways” is much the same as ALA ✧ QL/32
LĀ [appearing beside] ALA ✧ QL/32

Derivatives

> ᴱ✶alassē
- ⇒ ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa ✧ PE13/114
  - > G. goloth “forest” ✧ PE13/114
    - ⇒ G. Golosbrindi “Queen of the Forest” ✧ LT2A/Golosbrindi
    - ⇒ G. Tûr na·Ngôloth ✧ GL/19
> ᴱ✶alda
- > G. âl “wood (material)” ✧ PE13/109
  - ⇒ 5 compounds
> ᴱ✶aldamǝ
- > G. alan “shoulder” ✧ PE13/109; PE13/109
> ᴱ✶alwa “*lofty”
- > ᴱQ. alva “?lofty”
- > G. alw(eg) “lofty (of living things, trees, men)” ✧ PE13/109
> ᴱ✶alyan-
- > G. eilian “branch” ✧ PE13/113
> ᴱ✶alđam-
- > ᴱN. alm “back (from shoulder [to shoulder])”
- > G. alm “back (from shoulder to shoulder), shoulders” ✧ GL/19; LT2A/Egalmoth; PE13/109
  - ⇒ G. Egalmoth “Broadshoulder, Broad-back” ✧ GL/19; LT2A/Egalmoth
  - ⇒ G. egelmion “broadshouldered”
> ᴱ✶ʒaldá “wide, broad”
- > ᴱN. gall “wide, broad” ✧ PE13/136; PE13/144
  - ⇒ ᴱN. egall “very broad” ✧ PE13/142
    - ⇒ ᴱN. Egallmoth “He of the Wide Shoulders” ✧ PE13/142
- > ᴱQ. halda “wide, broad” ✧ PE13/136; PE13/144
⇒ ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ-
- > ᴱQ. málos “forest” ✧ GL/41
- > G. goloth “forest” ✧ GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi
  - ⇒ G. Golosbrindi “Queen of the Forest” ✧ LT2A/Golosbrindi
  - ⇒ G. Tûr na·Ngôloth ✧ GL/19
> ᴱQ. #ala- “?to grow”
> ᴱQ. #ala² “wing”
> ᴱQ. ala³ “beyond, after; before”
> ᴱQ. alalme “elm (tree)” ✧ LT1A/Aldaron; QL/29
- ⇒ ᴱQ. Alalminóre “Land of (Many) Elms” ✧ LT1A/Alalminórë; QL/29
> ᴱQ. alda “tree, branch” ✧ LT1A/Aldaron; QL/29
- ⇒ 8 compounds
> ᴱQ. aldare “wood”
> ᴱQ. almo “shoulder(s), back” ✧ QL/29
- ⇒ ᴱQ. Aikaldamor “Broadshoulder, Broad Back”
> G. âl “wood (material)” ✧ LT1A/Aldaron
- ⇒ 5 compounds
> G. Aldor ✧ LT1A/Aldaron
- ⇒ G. Ormaldor ✧ GL/18; GL/19; GL/19; LT1A/Aldaron
> G. lalm “elm, elm-wood” ✧ LT1A/Alalminórë
- ⇒ G. lalmir “elm tree” ✧ GL/52
  - ⇒ G. Dor Lalmin ✧ GL/52
> G. ôl¹ “forearm; bough”
- ⇒ G. olf(in) “branch, wand, stick”
  - ⇒ G. Gurtholfin “Wand of Death” ✧ LT2A/Gurtholfin
> ᴹ✶ala- “very”
- ⇒ ᴹ✶alakarƀǝ “very active” ✧ PE21/41
  - > ᴹQ. Alakaru ✧ PE21/41
- ⇒ ᴹ✶alarʒǝ “very dread”
  - > ᴹQ. Alari ✧ PE21/41

ᴱ√KALA² root. “*grow”

See √GAL² for discussion.

References ✧ GL/25-26

Variations

cala ✧ GL/25; GL/26
cal- ✧ GL/26

cala = G. caltha- “wax, grow, flourish” ✧ GL/25
cala = G. côl “a vegetable, edible herb, wort” ✧ GL/25
G. côl “herb, vegetable, edible plant; wort” cp. cal- ✧ GL/26

Derivatives

⇒ G. calon “grown (of plants), budd[ing], in blade (of corn)” ✧ GL/25
⇒ G. caltha- “to wax, grow, flourish” ✧ GL/25
⇒ G. caltha “plant, herb” ✧ GL/25
> G. calw “green shoot, sapling, sprout” ✧ GL/25
⇒ G. calwed “flourishing, adolescent” ✧ GL/25
> G. clann “branch” ✧ GL/26
> G. clast “bud, shoot, sprout” ✧ GL/25
> G. clath “small branch, twig” ✧ GL/25
> G. côl “herb, vegetable, edible plant; wort” ✧ GL/25; GL/26