N. [x], [ɸ] vocalized between a vowel and [s], [θ]; [{iea}{ɸx}{θs}|{ou}{ɸx}{θs}|juiθ] > [{iea}i{θs}|{ou}u{θs}|juxθ]
References ✧ PE22/39-40
Order (01200)
| After | 01100 | short [i], [u] became [e], [o] preceding final [a] | ᴹ√SUK
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N. sautha- ᴹ✶tupsē > N. taus |
Ety/SUK Ety/TUP |
Related
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| karaxsa > karaisa | axs > ais | ᴹ√KÁRAK > N. #charaes | ✧ Ety/KARAK |
| naxsa > naisa | axs > ais | ᴹ✶nakse > N. naes | ✧ EtyAC/NAK |
| pelθaxsa > pelθaisa | axs > ais | ON. pelthaksa > N. pelthaes | ✧ Ety/PEL |
| taxsa > taisa | axs > ais | ᴹ✶taksē > N. taes | ✧ Ety/TAK |
| jaxθa > jaiθa | axθ > aiθ | ᴹ✶yakta- > N. iaeth | ✧ Ety/YAK |
| kirjaxθo > kirjaiθo | axθ > aiθ | ᴹ✶kirya-k’tō > N. ciriaeth | ✧ PE18/62 |
| maxθa > maiθa | axθ > aiθ | ᴹ√MAK > N. maeth | ✧ Ety/MAK |
| maxθa- > maiθa- | axθ > aiθ | ᴹ√MAK > N. maetha | ✧ Ety/MAK |
| naxθa > naiθa | axθ > aiθ | ᴹ√NAK > N. naeth | ✧ Ety/NAK |
| taxθa- > taiθa- | axθ > aiθ | ᴹ√TAK > N. taetho | ✧ Ety/TAK |
| aɸsa > aisa | aɸs > ais | ᴹ√AP > N. aes | ✧ Ety/AP |
| laɸsa > laisa | aɸs > ais | ᴹ√LAP > N. lhaes | ✧ Ety/LAP |
| andatexθa > andateiθa | exθ > eiθ | ON. andatektha > N. andeith | ✧ Ety/TEK |
| brexθa- > breiθa- | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ✶b’rekta > N. breitho | ✧ Ety/BERÉK |
| brexθa- > breiθa- | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ√MERÉK > N. breitha | ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK |
| exθe > eiθe | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ√EK > N. aith | ✧ Ety/EK |
| exθe > eiθe | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ√EK > N. eith | ✧ EtyAC/EK |
| exθele > eiθele | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ✶ektele > N. eithel | ✧ Ety/KEL |
| gwexθe > gweiθe | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ✶weg-tē > N. gweith | ✧ Ety/WEG |
| lexθa- > leiθa- | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ√LEK > N. lheitho | ✧ Ety/LEK |
| texθa > teiθa | exθ > eiθ | ON. #tektha > N. teith | ✧ Ety/TEK |
| texθa- > teiθa- | exθ > eiθ | ᴹ√TEK > N. teitho | ✧ Ety/TEK |
| krixθa- > krīθa- | ixθ > īθ | ᴹ✶k’rikta > N. critho | ✧ Ety/KIRIK |
| nixθe > nīθe | ixθ > īθ | ON. nikthe > N. níth | ✧ PE22/37 |
| rixθa- > rīθa- | ixθ > īθ | ᴹ√RIK(H) > N. rhitho | ✧ Ety/RIK(H) |
| juxθa- > juiθa- | juxθ > juiθ | ᴹ√YUK > N. iuitho | ✧ Ety/YUK |
| juxθe > juiθe | juxθ > juiθ | ᴹ√YUK > N. iuith | ✧ Ety/YUK |
| loxsa > lousa | oxs > ous | ᴹ√LOKH > N. lhaws | ✧ Ety/LOKH |
| oxθa > ouθa | oxθ > ouθ | ᴹ✶oktā > N. auth | ✧ Ety/KOT |
| soxθa- > souθa- | oxθ > ouθ | ᴹ√SUK > N. sautha- | ✧ Ety/SUK |
| toɸsa > tousa | oɸs > ous | ᴹ✶tupsē > N. taus | ✧ Ety/TUP |
| luxθa- > lūθa- | uxθ > ūθ | ᴹ√LUK > N. lhûtha | ✧ Ety/LUK |
| luxθe > lūθe | uxθ > ūθ | ᴹ√LUK > N. lhûth | ✧ Ety/LUK |
| suxθo > sūθo | uxθ > ūθ | ᴹ√SUK > N. sûth | ✧ Ety/SUK |
G. [f], [v] sometimes became [u]; [{fv}] > [u]
Order (04100)
| Before | 04300 | final voiceless spirants restopped after consonants |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| safθ > sauθ | afθ > auθ | ᴱ√sab- > G. sauth | ✧ GL/67 |
| kavk > kauk | avk > auk | ᴱ√kava- > G. caug | ✧ GL/25 |
| kavk > kauk | avk > auk | ᴱ√kava- > G. caug | ✧ GL/25 |
| kavm > kauk | avm > aum | ᴱ√kava- > G. caum | ✧ GL/25 |
| gavst > gaust | avs > aus | ᴱ√ı̯aƀa > G. gaust | ✧ GL/38 |
| mavs > maus | avs > aus | ᴱ√maƀ > G. maus | ✧ GL/57 |
| navs > naus | avs > aus | ᴱ√naf- > G. naus | ✧ GL/59 |
| ravst > raust | avs > aus | ᴱ√RAVA > G. raust | ✧ LT1A/Meássë |
| kavθa- > kauθa- | avθ > auθ | #ᴱ√tyav- > G. cautha- | ✧ GL/24 |
G. [x], [ɣ] sometimes became [i]; [{xɣ}] > [i]
Order (03900)
| Before | 04300 | final voiceless spirants restopped after consonants |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| dax > dai | -ax > -ai | ᴱ√TAHA > G. dai | ✧ LT1A/Telimektar |
| baɣ > bai | -aɣ > -ai | ᴱ√Baʒ̔- > G. Bai | ✧ GL/21 |
| fuɣ > fui | -uɣ > -ui | ᴱ√fuʒu > G. fui¹ | ✧ GL/36 |
| gaxs > gais | axC > aiC | ᴱ✶ı̯aksĕ > G. gais | ✧ GL/37 |
| kaxθ > kaiθ | axC > aiC | ᴱ✶kahta > G. caith | ✧ GL/24 |
| baɣð > baið | aɣC > aiC | ᴱ√Baʒ̔- > G. Baith | ✧ GL/21 |
| baɣða- > baiða- | aɣC > aiC | ᴱ√Baʒ̔- > G. baidha- | ✧ GL/21 |
| baɣl > bail | aɣC > aiC | ᴱ√Baʒ̔- > G. bail | ✧ GL/21 |
| baɣn > bain | aɣC > aiC | ᴱ√Baʒ̔- > G. Bain | ✧ GL/21 |
| exθ > eiθ | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶eχtă- > G. aith¹ | ✧ GL/18 |
| exθ > eiθ | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶ektĭ > G. aith² | ✧ GL/18 |
| exθaθ > eiθaθ | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶eχt·taþ· > G. aithos | ✧ GL/18 |
| exθi > eiθi | exC > eiC | ‽ᴱ✶ektī > G. †aithi | ✧ GL/18 |
| exθl > eiθl | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶ektḷ > G. aithl | ✧ GL/18 |
| kexθl > keiθl | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶kekt(ǝ)lḗ > G. caithl | ✧ GL/25 |
| lexs > leis | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶leχ-sa > G. lais | ✧ GL/53 |
| mexs > meis | exC > eiC | ᴱ✶meχse > G. †mais | ✧ GL/56 |
| meɣðan > meiðan | eɣC > eiC | ᴱ✶megđana > G. maidhon | ✧ GL/56 |
| seɣðan > seiðan | eɣC > eiC | ᴱ✶sek’·ðana > G. Saidhon | ✧ GL/66 |
| foxn > foin | oxC > oiC | ᴱ√foχo > G. fuin | ✧ GL/36 |
| foxs > fois | oxC > oiC | ᴱ√foχo > G. fuis | ✧ GL/36 |
| foxθa- > foiθa- | oxC > oiC | ᴱ√foχo > G. fuitha¹ | ✧ GL/36 |
| fuɣθa- > fuiθa- | uɣC > uiC | ᴱ√fuʒu > G. fuitha² | ✧ GL/36 |