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Q. calma n. “lamp, (device for shining) light” (Category: Lamp)

Q. calma, n. “lamp, (device for shining) light, ⚠️[ᴱQ.] candle; (day)light” (Category: Lamp)
ᴱQ. calumë “an (artificial) light”

A noun for “lamp” appearing in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1121) as the name for tengwa #3 (a). In notes from the 1960s, Tolkien clarified that it was “a lamp or other device for shining light” (PE17/180).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kalma was glossed “(day)light” under the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44) but was simply “light” in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/44). It was glossed “light” again in the Early Qenya Grammar and English-Qenya Dictionary from the 1920s (PE14/43, 73; PE15/74). In the Earendel poem written around 1930 it was glossed “light” as in “light of the sun” (MC/216), but in the Oilima Markirya poem it was glossed “candle” (MC/214).

The word ᴹQ. kalma appeared unglossed in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/52), but was glossed “a light, lamp” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL), which is the first time it was used for “lamp”. It was glossed “light” in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet and Qenya Spelling from the 1930s and 40s (PE22/22, 51, 61), but became “lamp” in the discussion of tengwar in The Lord of the Rings itself, as noted above.

Meanwhile, the earliest “lamp” word was ᴱQ. kalumet (kalumett-) from the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s (QL/44; PME/44), and this word was mentioned again in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s as a cognate to ᴱN. glavaith “a blaze, burning, blazing light” (PE13/162). ᴹQ. kalumet “lamp” appeared a final time in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, but there it was deleted (PE21/37 note #134).

In summary, it seems that in the 1910s and 20s kalma was “light” while kalumet was “lamp”, but sometime in the 1930s kalumet was abandoned and kalma became “lamp, a [device for] light”, while in after the 1930s the ordinary word for “light” became cala (RGEO/62; Ety/KAL) which in the 1910s had instead been used for “daytime” as a time period (QL/44).

References ✧ LotR/1121-1122; PE17/123, 144, 180; PMCH/2; TMME/192

Glosses

Variations

Related

Inflections

calmallo ablative ✧ PE17/144
calmo genitive ✧ PE17/144

Elements

-mā “instrumental suffix” ✧ PE17/180

Element In

Derivations


ᴹQ. kalma n. “light, lamp” (Category: Lamp)

See Q. calma for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL; PE21/52; PE22/22, 51, 61

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

[kalm]ullo ablative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]allut ablative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ullut ablative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]illon ablative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ullon ablative plural ✧ PE21/52
kalma accusative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]i accusative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ir accusative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ande allative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]andet allative dual ✧ PE21/52; PE21/52
[kalm]unden allative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]alte comitative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ar dative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]en dative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]atar dative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]eren dative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ir dative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]íre dative plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]o genitive ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]u genitive ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]atu genitive dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]aron genitive plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ion genitive plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]unen instrumental ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]anwen instrumental dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ínen instrumental plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]esse locative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]asset locative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]esset locative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]essen locative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]issen locative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]an nominative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]at nominative dual ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]in nominative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ir nominative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ulin nominative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]i plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]uva possessive ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]íva possessive plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]andon similative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]indon similative ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ahta similative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]ihta similative plural ✧ PE21/52
[kalm]íka similative plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/52

Element In

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ√KAL > kalma [kalma] ✧ Ety/KAL

ᴱQ. kalma n. “(day)light; candle” (Category: Light)

See Q. calma for discussion.

References ✧ LT1A/Galmir; MC/213-214, 216, 220; PE14/43, 73; PE15/74; PE16/57, 60, 62, 72, 74, 77, 100, 104, 111, 113, 144; PME/44; QL/44

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

kalma accusative   ✧ PE16/111
kalmat accusative   ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73
kalmalin accusative plural   ✧ PE14/43
kalmalin(t) accusative plural   ✧ PE14/73
kalmea adjectival   ✧ PE16/113
kalmar dative   ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73; PE16/111
kalmalir dative plural   ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73
kalman genitive   ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73
kalmo genitive   ✧ PE16/111
kalma̹lion genitive plural   ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73
kalmainen instrumental plural “in the lights” ✧ MC/216; PE16/100
kalmainen instrumental plural   ✧ PE16/104
kalmaliinen instrumental plural   ✧ PE16/72; PE16/77
kalmalínen instrumental plural “with ... lights” ✧ MC/220
kalmalínen instrumental plural   ✧ PE16/57; PE16/60; PE16/74
kalmalínen instrumental plural “with (or in) ... lights” ✧ PE16/62
kalman nominative   ✧ PE16/111
kalmalin nominative plural   ✧ PE16/111
kalmali plural   ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73

Element In

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ√KALA > kalma [galmā] > [galma] > [kalma] ✧ QL/44

ᴹQ. kalumet (kalumett-) n. “lamp” (Category: Lamp)

See Q. calma for discussion.

References ✧ PE21/37

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

kalumetta accusative ✧ PE21/37
kalumetsin nominative plural ✧ PE21/37
kalumettulin nominative plural ✧ PE21/37

ᴱQ. kalumet (kalumett-) n. “lamp” (Category: Lamp)

See Q. calma for discussion.

References ✧ PE13/162; PME/44; QL/44

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

kalumett- stem ✧ QL/44

Elements

kalume “an (artificial) light” ✧ QL/44

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ✶k’lamektā > kalumet [kalumekta] > [kalumektǝ] > [kalumekt] > [kalumett] > [kalumet] ✧ PE13/162