ᴹ✶[ŋ]

ᴹ✶[ŋ]

References ✧ Ety/ING; EtyAC/GOS; PE18/30, 54, 59; PE19/19-20, 23, 30, 37-38, 50

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹ✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates ŋk < mk ✧ PE19/50 (m-k > ñk); PE19/50 (n-k > ñk)
Dan. [ŋ], [ɣ] became [g] ŋ > g ✧ PE19/19 (ŋ- > g-); PE19/19 (ŋ- > g-); PE19/23 (-ŋ- > -g-); PE19/23 (-ŋ- > -g-)
Dan. initial nasals vanished before stops ŋg- > g- ✧ PE19/20 (ŋg- > g); PE19/20 (ŋg- > g)
Ilk. [ŋ] became [ɣ] between vowels and before [l], [r] VŋV > VɣV ✧ PE19/23 (-ŋ- > (ʒ))
Ilk. initial [ŋ], [ɣ] became [g] ŋ- > g- ✧ PE19/19 (ŋ- > g-); PE19/19 (ŋw- > gw-)
Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops ŋg- > g- ✧ PE19/20 (ŋg- > g, ng); PE19/20 (ŋgw- > gw, ngw)
ᴹAQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates ŋkʰ > kkʰ ✧ PE19/50 (ñkh > kk)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j] ŋkj > ntj ✧ PE19/50 (ñky > nty)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j] ŋj > nj ✧ PE19/38 (ñy > ny)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j] ŋgj > ndj ✧ PE19/38 (ñgy > ny)
ᴹAQ. initial [ŋ] vanished ŋw- > w- ✧ PE19/38 (ñw > ʒw > w)
ᴹAQ. initial [ŋ] vanished ŋV- > øV- ✧ PE19/38 (ñ > ø; initial)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals ŋk- > k- ✧ PE19/37 (ñk > k; initial); PE19/38 (ñky > kw; initial); PE19/38 (ñky > ty; initial)
ᴹ✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates ŋt > nt ✧ PE18/54 (ŋt, ŋth, ŋd > nt, nth, nd)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋj- > -ŋgj- ✧ PE18/54 (ŋy > ŋgy); PE19/50 (ñy > ñgy)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋw- > -ŋgw- ✧ PE18/54 (ŋw > ŋgw)
ᴹ✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg] ŋŋ > ŋg ✧ PE19/50 (ññ > ñg)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋ] usually became [ɣ] VŋV > VɣV ✧ PE18/54 (ŋ > ʒ)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋ] usually became [ɣ] ŋr > ɣr ✧ PE18/54 (ŋr > ʒr)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋ] usually became [ɣ] ŋl > ɣl ✧ PE18/54 (ŋl > ʒl)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋ] usually became [ɣ] ŋs > ɣs ✧ PE18/54 (ŋs > ʒs)
ON. labialized velars became labials ŋgw > mb ✧ Ety/ING (ngw > mb); PE19/20 (ŋgw- > mb-)
ON. initial and intervocalic [ŋ] vanished ŋ- > ø- ✧ PE19/19 (ŋj- > j-); PE19/19 (ŋ- > -); PE19/19 (ŋw- > w-)
ON. initial and intervocalic [ŋ] vanished VŋV > VøV ✧ PE19/23 (-ŋ- > -)

ᴱ✶[ŋ]

References ✧ PE12/15; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. intervocalic [ŋ], [ŋʷ] became [ŋg], [ŋgʷ] VŋV > VŋgV ✧ PE12/16 (ȵ > ng; medial)
ᴱQ. initial [ŋ] became [n] ŋ- > n- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵ > n)

ᴱ✶[ŋg]

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ ȵg

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals ŋg- > ŋ- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg > g)
ᴱT. initial nasalized voiced stops became nasals ŋg- > ŋ- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg > n)

ᴱ✶[ŋgʷ] ‹ngw›

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ ȵg͡w

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals ŋgʷ- > ŋʷ- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > gu̯; initial)
ᴱT. labialized velars became labials ŋgʷ- > b- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > b)
ᴱT. labialized velars became labials -ŋgʷ- > -mb- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > mb; medial)
ᴱT. initial nasalized voiced stops became nasals ŋgʷ- > ŋʷ- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > nu̯)

ᴱ✶[ŋʷ] ‹nw›

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ ȵ͡w

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. intervocalic [ŋ], [ŋʷ] became [ŋg], [ŋgʷ] VŋʷV > VŋgʷV ✧ PE12/16 (ȵ͡w > ngu̯; medial)
ᴱT. labialized velars became labials ŋʷ- > m- ✧ PE12/16 (ȵ͡w > m)