Ilk. [e], [o] became [i], [u] before [nn], [nd], [ŋg]; [{eo}{nn|nd|ŋg}] > [{iu}{nn|nd|ŋg}]
This rule reverses the Ilkorin a-affection in some cases, so that primitive [i] and [u] remained (or were restored) despite the presence of a final [a] in a word. Some clear examples of this rule are ᴹ✶lindā > Ilk. lind (Ety/LIND) and ᴹ✶tungā > Ilk. tung (Ety/TUG). In all the obvious examples of the rule, the restored vowel precedes an [nn], [nd] or [ŋg].
Sound changes without a-affection: It is unclear whether the [i], [u] are restored by this rule, or are simply prevented from undergoing a-affection in the first place. There is at least one example of this change that does not involve a-affection, however: ᴹ✶kwentrō > Dor. cwindor had an original primitive [e] that developed into [i] before [nd] (Ety/KWET). This lends weight to the idea that this rule was a restoration of the sound rather than a preservation. Another possible example of a pure vowel change is Dor. nîw < [niŋgwe < neŋgwe <] ᴹ✶neñwi. Both these examples were suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/cwindor, nîw).
The vowel change did not occur with ᴹ✶kwenedē > Dor. cwend and ᴹ✶besnō > Ilk. benn, so probably this phonetic change occurred before the Ilkorin syncope and before [sn] became [nn].
Developments before other nasals: For the combination [mb], it appears that this restoration did not occur: consider ᴹ✶dimbā > Ilk. dem (Ety/DEM). It seems that Tolkien was also not entirely sure of this development: an earlier version of the entry for the root ᴹ√DEM had ᴹ✶dembē > Ilk. dim (EtyAC/DEM), where it seems that [-emb-] did become [-imb-]. Variations in the adjective suffix -en vs. -in (from ᴹ✶-inā) may indicate that Tolkien also considered applying this rule for simply nasal [n] instead of just [nn] and [nd].
Order (01700)
After | 01600 | short [i], [u] became [e], [o] preceding final [a] | ᴹ✶tundā > Ilk. tund | Ety/TUN |
Before | 01800 | second unstressed short vowel of same quality lost | ᴹ✶kwenedē > Dor. cwend | EtyAC/KWEN(ED) |
Before | 02800 | [sn] became [nn] | ᴹ✶besnō > Ilk. benn | Ety/BES |
Before | 03300 | [ŋg] vanished before [w] lengthening the preceding vowel | ᴹ✶NEÑ-WI > Dor. nîw | Ety/NEÑ-WI |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
dembe > dimbe | emb > imb | ᴹ✶dembē > Ilk. dim | ✧ EtyAC/DEM |
kwendro > kwindro | end > ind | ᴹ✶kwentrō > Dor. cwindor | ✧ Ety/KWET |
lenda > linda | end > ind | ᴹ✶LINDĀ > Ilk. lind | ✧ Ety/LIND |
neŋgwe > niŋgwe | eŋg > iŋg | ᴹ✶NEÑ-WI > Dor. nîw | ✧ Ety/NEÑ-WI |
teŋgla- > tiŋgla- | eŋg > iŋg | ᴹ√TIN > Ilk. tingla- | ✧ Ety/TIN |
tonda > tunda | ond > und | ᴹ✶tundā > Ilk. tund | ✧ Ety/TUN |
donna > dunna | onn > unn | ᴹ√DUN > Dor. dunn | ✧ Ety/DUN |
loŋga > luŋga | oŋg > uŋg | ᴹ✶lungā > Dor. lung | ✧ Ety/LUG¹ |
toŋga > tuŋga | oŋg > uŋg | ᴹ✶tungā > Ilk. tung | ✧ Ety/TUG |