The Primitive Adûnaic c-series became dental with the sole exception of [j]; the voiceless elements in this series all became [s] and the Primitive Adûnaic voiced palatal stop [ɟ] became [z] (SD/418). Tolkien did not indicate when this change occurred, but since he omitted discussion of the separate development of the c-series elsewhere in Lowdham’s Report (excepting [j]), it was probably early. This would mean the later development of the voiceless palatals was probably the same as ✶[s], and the later development of ✶[ɟ] was probably the same as ✶[z].