Ilk. voiceless stops voiced after vowels; [V{ptk}] > [V{bdg}]
As described in the Comparative Tables, voiceless stop were voiced medially (PE19/23), which was also the rule in Noldorin. From the examples in The Etymologies, it is clear this change occurred consistently after vowels. Some clear examples are: ᴹ✶mapā > Ilk. mâb (Ety/MAP), ᴹ✶atar > Ilk. adar (Ety/ATA) and ᴹ✶tiukā > Ilk. tiog (Ety/TIW). This development must have occurred after voiced stops spirantalized after vowels, since the voiced stops resulting from this rule did not further develop into spirants.
Order (04400)
After | 04300 | voiced stops spirantalized after vowels | ᴹ✶atar > Ilk. adar | Ety/ATA |
Before | 04600 | [w] vanished after medial velars | ᴹ✶-kw- > Ilk. -g(w)- | PE19/23 |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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> |
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✧ PE19/23 (-p- > -b-) |
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> |
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✧ PE18/104 (´t > ´d); PE19/23 (-t- > -d-) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/23 (-k- > -g-) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
bróko > brógo | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶morókō > Ilk. broga | ✧ Ety/MORÓK |
drṓk > drṓg | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶d’rāk > Dor. drôg | ✧ Ety/DARÁK |
-kw- > -gw- | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶-kw- > Ilk. -g(w)- | ✧ PE19/23 |
laika > laiga | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶laika > Ilk. laig | ✧ Ety/LÁYAK |
laikwa > laigwa | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶laikwa > Ilk. laig | ✧ Ety/LAIK |
lekla > legla | Vk > Vg | ᴹ√LEK > Ilk. legol | ✧ Ety/LEK |
naukle > naugle | Vk > Vg | ᴹ√NÁWAK > Dor. naugol | ✧ Ety/NAUK |
rek > reg | Vk > Vg | ᴹ√ERÉK > Dor. regin | ✧ Ety/ERÉK |
taka- > taga- | Vk > Vg | ᴹ√TAK > Ilk. taga | ✧ Ety/TAK |
taika > taiga | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶taikā > Ilk. taig | ✧ EtyAC/TĀ |
tioka > tioga | Vk > Vg | ᴹ✶tiu̯kā > Ilk. tiog | ✧ Ety/TIW |
toka- > toga- | Vk > Vg | ᴹ√TUK > Ilk. toga | ✧ Ety/TUK |
mapa > maba | Vp > Vb | ᴹ✶mapā > Ilk. mâb | ✧ Ety/MAP |
atar > adar | Vt > Vd | ᴹ✶atar > Ilk. adar | ✧ Ety/ATA |
atwa > adwa | Vt > Vd | ᴹ√AT(AT) > adu > Ilk. ado | ✧ Ety/AT(AT) |
-t- > -d- | Vt > Vd | ᴹ✶-kj- > Ilk. -d- | ✧ PE19/23 |
gat > gad | Vt > Vd | ᴹ√GAT(H) > Dor. gad | ✧ Ety/GAT(H) |
gōta- > gōda- | Vt > Vd | ᴹ✶wahtā- > Ilk. gōda- | ✧ Ety/WAƷ |
gōte > gōde | Vt > Vd | ᴹ✶wahtē > Ilk. gōd | ✧ Ety/WAƷ |
utuvno > uduvno | Vt > Vd | ᴹ✶Utubnu > Ilk. Uduvon | ✧ Ety/TUB |