S. [k] ‹c›

S. [k] ‹c›

References ✧ LotR/1113; RGEO/63; VT42/27

Variations

• c ✧ LotR/1113; RGEO/63

Element In

• S. k-series
• S. voiceless-stops

Phonetic Development

S. final [mf], [nθ], [ŋx], [lθ] became [mp], [nt], [ŋk], [lt]

-ŋk

<

-ŋx

✧ VT42/27 (nch > ñk; finally)

N. [k] ‹c›

References ✧ PE19/18, 21

Inflections

g-	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE19/18; PE19/18
gl-	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE19/21; PE19/21
gr-	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE19/21

Element In

• N. k-series
• N. voiceless-stops

Phonetic Development

N. [no change]	k	<	k	✧ PE19/18 (k- > c-); PE19/18 (k- > c-); PE19/21 (kr- > cr-); PE19/21 (kl- > cl-)
N. [tl], [dl] became [kl], [gl]	kl	<	tl	✧ PE19/21 (tl- > cl-; dial)

ᴱN. [k]

References ✧ PE13/121

Variations

• c ✧ PE13/121
• cw ✧ PE13/121

Changes

• c >> ch ✧ PE13/121
• cw >> chw ✧ PE13/121

Inflections

ch	nasal-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE13/121
chw	nasal-mutation; cw-mutation	✧ PE13/121
†nch	nasal-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE13/121
†nchw	nasal-mutation; cw-mutation	✧ PE13/121
g	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE13/121
gw	soft-mutation; cw-mutation	✧ PE13/121
c	stop-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE13/121
ch	stop-mutation; c-mutation	✧ PE13/121
chw	stop-mutation; cw-mutation	✧ PE13/121
cw	stop-mutation; cw-mutation	✧ PE13/121

G. [k]

References ✧ GG/7; PE15/12

Variations

• c ✧ GG/7; PE15/12
• cr ✧ GG/7
• cl ✧ GG/7
• cw ✧ GG/7

Inflections

·g	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ GG/7
·gl	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ GG/7
·gr	soft-mutation; c-mutation	✧ GG/7
·gw	soft-mutation; cw-mutation	✧ GG/7

Element In

• G. k-series
• G. voiceless-stops