ᴹQ. [kʷ] ‹q›

ᴹQ. [kʷ] ‹q›

References ✧ PE19/35, 38; PE22/65-66

Variations

• q ✧ PE19/35; PE22/65; PE22/66

Element In

• ᴹQ. q-series ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. voiceless-stops ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹQ. [no change]	kʷ	<	kʷ	✧ PE19/38 (kw > kw)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	k-	<	ŋk-	✧ PE19/38 (ñky > kw; initial)

ᴱQ. [kʷ] ‹q›

References ✧ PE12/16-17, 22-23; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• q ✧ PE14/41; PE14/41; PE14/60

Element In

• ᴱQ. q-series
• ᴱQ. voiceless-stops ✧ PE14/41

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [no change]	kʷ	<	kʷ	✧ PE12/16 (k͡w > ku̯)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops after nasals	ŋkʷ	<	ŋxʷ	✧ PE12/17 (nasals + x͡w > nq)
ᴱQ. [xʷ] became [kʷ] after voiceless stops	{tʲptk}kʷ	<	{tʲptk}xʷ	✧ PE12/17 (voiceless stops + x͡w > q)
ᴱQ. [kʷkʷ] became [kʷ]	kʷ	<	kʷkʷ	✧ PE12/22 (qq > q)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t]	kʷkʷ	<	kkʷ	✧ PE12/22 (kq > q)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t]	kʷkʷ	<	tʲkʷ	✧ PE12/22 (c̑ + q > q)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t]	kʷkʷ	<	tkʷ	✧ PE12/23 ([t] + q > q)