Q. [m]

Q. [m]

References ✧ PE17/104, 124; PE18/105; PE19/71, 77, 79-80, 82, 92, 97, 101; PE22/149

Variations

• mb ✧ PE17/104
• mp ✧ PE17/104
• m ✧ PE19/80
• mn ✧ PE19/97
• my ✧ PE19/97

Element In

• Q. nasals
• Q. p-series

Phonetic Development

Q. [no change]	m	<	m	✧ PE19/71 (m > m; unchanged); PE22/149 (mn > mn); PE22/149 (mm > mm)
Q. initial voiceless nasals and liquids were voiced	m-	<	m̥-	✧ PE19/79 (hm > m; initially)
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality	umb-	<	ṃb-	✧ PE19/77 (*ṃb- > *umb-)
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	m-	<	mb-	✧ PE17/104 (mb > mm > m); PE17/124 (mb > mm > m; initial); PE18/105 (mb > m)
AQ. [z] assimilated to following [m], [n]	mm	<	zm	✧ PE19/82 (zm > mm); PE19/101 (zm > mm)
Van. [mm], [nn] became [mb], [nd]	mm	>	mb	✧ PE19/92 (mm > mb)

ᴹQ. [m]

References ✧ PE19/38, 50; PE22/65

Variations

• m ✧ PE22/65

Element In

• ᴹQ. nasals ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. p-series ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹQ. [no change]	m	<	m	✧ PE19/38 (m > m); PE19/50 (m > m); PE19/50 (mm > mm); PE19/50 (mp > mp); PE19/50 (mb > mb); PE19/50 (my > my); PE19/50 (mn > mn)
ᴹAQ. initial [s] unvoiced following continuant	m̥-	<	sm-	✧ PE19/38 (sm > m; initial)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	m-	<	mb-	✧ PE19/38 (mb > m; initial)
ᴹAQ. [z] assimilated to following [m], [n]	mm	<	zm	✧ PE19/50 (zm > mm)

ᴱQ. [m]

References ✧ PE12/16, 24; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• m ✧ PE14/41; PE14/60

Element In

• ᴱQ. nasals ✧ PE14/41
• ᴱQ. p-series

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [no change]	m	<	m	✧ PE12/16 (m > m); PE12/16 (m > m)
ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals	m-	<	mb-	✧ PE12/16 (mb > b)
ᴱQ. nasals became [n] before [j]	mj	>	nj	✧ PE12/24 (m + y > ny)