Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops; [{mnŋ}{bdg}-] > [ø{bdg}-]
The Comparative Tables indicate that primitive initial combinations of nasals and voiced stops generally lost their nasal sound (PE19/20). The same rule applied to “Beleriandic” development in Tolkien’s linguistic notes from around 1950 (PE18/103-4). There are a number of examples of this development in The Etymologies (see below).
However, the actual development in the Comparative Tables shows ✶mb > Ilk. b, mb; ✶nd > Ilk. d, nd; ✶ng > Ilk. g, ng. This indicates that while the normal development was to simple stops, in some case the development could be different. There are a number of examples of such alternate development in The Etymologies. The Doriathrin derivatives of the root ᴹ√ÑGOL all show variations beginning with both g- and ng-, while the Doriathrin derivatives ᴹ√ÑGOROTH all begin with ng-. Similarly, ᴹ√MBOTH > Dor. moth, with a simple nasal instead of a simple stop.
All the examples of this variation are Doriathrin and occur before the vowel [o]. There is an example of a Doriathrin noun with ✶[ŋg-] > [g-] before [a], however: ᴹ√ÑGARAM > Dor. garm. Furthermore, there are no examples of this variation for [nd-], whereas ᴹ✶ndorē > Dor. dôr. Therefore the conditions of this variant development may be where [mb-] and [ŋg-] precede the vowel be [o] (and perhaps [u]) and the variation may be limited to the Doriathrin dialect.
In the case of [mb-], it seems the variation leads to the simple nasal [m-]. It may be that ng- is an orthographic representation of the simple velar nasal [ŋ-], so that in both cases the nasal-stop cluster reduced to a simple nasal for the variation.
Reference ✧ PE18/104 ✧ Bel. initial nasals usually vanished before stops
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE18/105 (mb > b); PE19/20 (mb- > b, mb) |
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✧ PE19/20 (nd- > d, nd) |
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✧ PE18/105 (ñg > g); PE18/105 (ñgw > gw); PE19/20 (ŋg- > g, ng); PE19/20 (ŋgw- > gw, ngw) |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
mbríl > bríl | mb- > b- | ᴹ√MBIRÍL > Ilk. bril | ✧ Ety/MBIRIL |
mboθ > moθ | mbo- > mo- | ᴹ√MBOTH > Dor. moth | ✧ Ety/MBOTH |
ndeniθor > deniθor | nd- > d- | ᴹ✶ndani-thārō > Dor. Deniþor | ✧ LR/188 |
ndior > dior | nd- > d- | ᴹ✶ndeuro > Dor. Dior | ✧ Ety/NDEW |
ndolmed > dolmed | nd- > d- | ᴹ√NDOL > Ndolmed > Dor. Dolmed | ✧ Ety/NDOL |
ndōn > dōn | nd- > d- | ᴹ√NDAN > Dor. dôn | ✧ Ety/NDAN |
ndōr > dōr | nd- > d- | ᴹ✶ndorē > Dor. dôr | ✧ EtyAC/NDOR |
ŋg- > g- | ŋg- > g- | ᴹ✶ŋgj- > Ilk. g, ng | ✧ PE19/20 |
ŋgaŋgel > gaŋgel | ŋg- > g- | ᴹ√ÑGANAD > Ilk. gangel | ✧ Ety/ÑGAN |
ŋgarm > garm | ŋg- > g- | ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > Dor. garm | ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M |
ŋgōl > ŋgōl | ŋgo- > ŋgo- | ᴹ√ÑGOL > Dor. ngôl/gôl | ✧ Ety/ÑGOL |
ŋgold > ŋgold | ŋgo- > ŋgo- | ᴹ√ÑGÓLOD > Dor. (n)gold | ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD |
ŋgolo > ŋgolo | ŋgo- > ŋgo- | ᴹ√ÑGOL > Dor. (n)golo | ✧ Ety/ÑGOL |
ŋgorθ > ŋgorθ | ŋgo- > ŋgo- | ᴹ√ÑGÓROTH > Dor. ngorth | ✧ Ety/ÑGOROTH |