ᴹ✶[m]

ᴹ✶[m]

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/19-21, 23, 30, 37-38, 50-51

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹ✶metathesis mpʰ < pʰm ✧ PE19/50 (phm > mph)
Dan. initial nasals vanished before stops mb- > b- ✧ PE19/20 (mb- > b); PE19/20 (mb- > b)
Ilk. initial [s] was lost before consonants sC- > øC- ✧ PE19/21 (sm- > m-)
Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops mb- > b- ✧ PE19/20 (mb- > b, mb)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids ml > lm ✧ PE19/51 (ml > lm)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids mr > rm ✧ PE19/51 (mr > rm)
ᴹAQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates mpʰ > ppʰ ✧ PE19/50 (mph > pp)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals mp- > p- ✧ PE19/37 (mp > p; initial)
ᴹ✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates mk > ŋk ✧ PE19/50 (m-k > ñk)
ON. initial [s] unvoiced following [m], [n], [j], [w] sm- > m̥- ✧ PE19/21 (sm- > m-)

ᴱ✶[m]

References ✧ PE12/15; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱ✶[mb]

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ mb

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals mb- > m- ✧ PE12/16 (mb > b)
ᴱT. initial nasalized voiced stops became nasals mb- > m- ✧ PE12/16 (mb > m)