Q. [f]

Q. [f]

References ✧ PE17/92; PE19/71, 80

Variations

• f ✧ PE19/80

Element In

• Q. p-series
• Q. voiceless-spirants

Phonetic Development

Q. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]

f

<

ɸ

✧ PE17/92 (ph > f); PE19/71 ([ꝑ] > f)

ᴹQ. [f]

References ✧ Ety/ÓLOS; PE19/37, 50-51; PE22/65

Variations

• f ✧ PE22/65

Element In

• ᴹQ. p-series ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. voiceless-spirants ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless spirants	ɸ	<	pʰ	✧ PE19/37 (ph > f)
ᴹAQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants	ɸ-	<	sp-	✧ PE19/37 (sp > f; initial)
ᴹQ. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]	f	<	ɸ	✧ PE19/50 (ph > f); PE19/50 (phy > fy); PE19/51 (lph > lf); PE19/51 (rph > rf)
ᴹQ. [sf] became [f]	f	<	sf	✧ Ety/ÓLOS (s-f > f)

ᴱQ. [f]

References ✧ PE12/16-17, 19-21, 26; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• f ✧ PE12/17; PE14/41; PE14/41; PE14/60

Element In

• ᴱQ. p-series
• ᴱQ. voiceless-spirants ✧ PE14/41

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. initial [sw] and [sβ] became [f], [sj] became [j̊]	f-	<	sβ-	✧ PE12/19 (su̯, sw̑, sƀ > f)
ᴱQ. [ɸx] became [f]	f	<	ɸx	✧ PE12/20 (ꝑx > fh > f)
	f	<	xxʷ	✧ PE12/20 (xx͡w > ff > f)
ᴱQ. geminate voiceless spirants reduced	f	<	ff	✧ PE12/21 (ff > f)
ᴱQ. initial [sw] and [sβ] became [f], [sj] became [j̊]	f-	<	sw-	✧ PE12/26 (sẇ > hw > f)
ᴱQ. voiceless and voiced [w] became [f], [v] in Inwelin	f	<	w̥	✧ PE14/60 (hw > f)
ᴱQ. initial and intervocalic [xʷ] became [f]	f-	<	xʷ-	✧ PE12/17 (x͡w > f)
ᴱQ. initial and intervocalic [xʷ] became [f]	VfV	<	VxʷV	✧ PE12/17 (x͡w > f; between vowels)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f]	f	<	ɸ	✧ PE12/16 (ꝑ > f); PE12/21 (ꝑꝑ > ff)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f]	f	<	ɸɣʷ	✧ PE12/20 (fw̑ > f)
ᴱQ. geminate voiceless spirants reduced	ff	>	f	✧ PE12/21 (ff > f)
ᴱQ. [f] became [v] except before stressed vowel	VfV|VfV́	>	VvV|VfV́	✧ PE12/20 (f > v); PE12/20 (f > v)
ᴱQ. intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced	VfV	>	VvV	✧ PE12/17 (f > v)

ᴱQ. †[ɸ]

References ✧ PE12/21

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ]	ɸɸ	<	xʷɸ	✧ PE12/21 (x͡w + ꝑ > ꝑꝑ)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ]	ɸɸ	<	xɸ	✧ PE12/21 (x + ꝑ > ꝑꝑ)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ]	ɸɸ	<	θʲɸ	✧ PE12/21 (x͡y + ꝑ > ꝑꝑ)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ]	ɸɸ	<	θɸ	✧ PE12/21 (þ + ꝑ > ꝑꝑ)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f]	ɸ	>	f	✧ PE12/21 (ꝑꝑ > ff)