ᴹAQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants; [sp-|st-|sk-] > [ɸ-|θ-|x-]
References ✧ PE19/36-37, 41
Order (02200)
After | 02100 | syllabic initial [s] became [is] | ||
Before | 02400 | [x], [s] unvoiced following [j], [w] | ||
Before | 03500 | unstressed medial long vowels shortened | ᴹ✶farāyā́ > fárăyā > ᴹQ. farea | PE22/111 |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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> |
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✧ PE19/37 (sp > f; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/37 (st > th; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/38 (sky > hy; initial); PE19/38 (skw > hw; initial); PE19/37 (sk > h; initial) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
skala > xala | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKAL² > ᴹQ. hala | ✧ Ety/SKAL² |
skalja- > xalja- | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKAL¹ > ᴹQ. halya- | ✧ Ety/SKAL¹ |
skalja- > xalja- | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKAL³ > ᴹQ. halya- | ✧ EtyAC/SKAL³ |
skalmā > xalmā | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skalmā > ᴹQ. halma | ✧ EtyAC/SKEL |
skalnā > xalnā | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skalnā > ᴹQ. halda | ✧ Ety/SKAL¹ |
skalna > xalna | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skalnā > ᴹQ. halla | ✧ EtyAC/SKEL |
skarna- > xarna- | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKAR > ᴹQ. harna- | ✧ Ety/SKAR |
skarnā > xarnā | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skarnā > ᴹQ. harna | ✧ Ety/SKAR |
skarwē > xarwē | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skarwē > ᴹQ. harwe | ✧ Ety/SKAR |
skat- > xat- | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKAT > ᴹQ. hat- | ✧ Ety/SKAT |
skelmā > xelmā | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skelmā > ᴹQ. helma | ✧ Ety/SKEL |
skelnā > xelnā | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skelnā > ᴹQ. helda | ✧ Ety/SKEL |
skjapat > xjapat | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skyapat- > ᴹQ. hyapat | ✧ Ety/SKYAP |
skora- > xora- | sk- > x- | ᴹ✶skorā > ᴹQ. hora | ✧ PE22/113 |
skwarin > xwarin | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKWAR > ᴹQ. hwarin | ✧ Ety/SKWAR |
skwarma > xwarma | sk- > x- | ᴹ√SKWAR > ᴹQ. hwarma | ✧ Ety/SKWAR |
spaika > ɸaika | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ√SPAY > ᴹQ. faika | ✧ Ety/SPAY |
spāna > ɸāna | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ√SPAN > ᴹQ. fána | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
spaŋgā > ɸaŋgā | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ✶spangā > ᴹQ. fanga | ✧ Ety/SPÁNAG |
spanja > ɸanja | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ√SPAN > ᴹQ. fanya | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
spantur > ɸantur | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ✶Spanturo > ᴹQ. Fantur | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
spara- > ɸara- | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ✶sparā > ᴹQ. fara- | ✧ PE22/113 |
spāra > ɸāra | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ√SPAR² > ᴹQ. fára | ✧ EtyAC/SPAR² |
sparājā > ɸarājā | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ✶farāyā́ > fárăyā > ᴹQ. farea | ✧ PE22/111 |
sparma > ɸarma | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ√SPAR² > ᴹQ. farma | ✧ EtyAC/SPAR² |
spinde > ɸinde | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ✶spindē > ᴹQ. finde | ✧ Ety/SPIN |
spinē > ɸinē | sp- > ɸ- | ᴹ✶spinē > ᴹQ. fine | ✧ Ety/SPIN |
stabnē > θabnē | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stabnē > ᴹQ. samna | ✧ Ety/STAB |
stabnō > θabnō | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stabnō > ᴹQ. samno | ✧ Ety/STAB |
stabrō > θabrō | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stabrō > ᴹQ. sauro | ✧ EtyAC/STAB |
stambē > θambē | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stambē > ᴹQ. sambe | ✧ Ety/STAB |
θanda > θanda | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STAN > ᴹQ. sanda | ✧ Ety/STAN |
θaŋgā > θaŋgā | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stangā > ᴹQ. sanga | ✧ Ety/STAG |
θaŋgā > θaŋgā | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STAG > ᴹQ. sanga | ✧ PE22/107 |
θaŋgasjandō > θaŋgasjandō | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stangasyandō > ᴹQ. sangahyando | ✧ Ety/SYAD |
θanja > θanja | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STAN > ᴹQ. sanya | ✧ Ety/STAN |
θanje > θanje | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STAN > ᴹQ. sanye | ✧ Ety/STAN |
θaŋkā > θaŋkā | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stankā > ᴹQ. sanka | ✧ Ety/STAK |
star- > θar- | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STAR > ᴹQ. thare | ✧ PE22/112 |
θara > θara | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STAR > ᴹQ. sara | ✧ Ety/STAR |
stegrā > θegrā | st- > θ- | ᴹ✶stegrā > ᴹQ. thḗra | ✧ PE19/46 |
stintā > θintā | st- > θ- | ᴹ√STINTĀ > ᴹQ. sinta | ✧ Ety/STINTĀ |
stugnā > θugnā | st- > θ- | ✶stuknā > Q. thúna | ✧ PE19/86 |
stundo > θundo | st- > θ- | ᴹ√SUD > ᴹQ. sundo | ✧ Ety/SUD |
ᴱQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants; [s{pɸ}-|s{tθ}-|s{kx}-] > [ɸ-|θ-|x-]
Phonetic Rule Elements
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> |
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> |
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> |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
skampa- > xampa- | sk- > x- | ᴱ√kapa- > skamp- > ᴱQ. hampa- | ✧ PE14/66 |
skanta > xanta | sk- > x- | ᴱ✶skantá > ᴱQ. hanta | ✧ PE13/147 |
skapta- > xapta- | sk- > x- | ᴱ✶skapi̯a- > ᴱQ. hapta- | ✧ PE14/66 |
skend > xend | sk- > x- | ᴱ✶ske-ndá > ᴱQ. hen | ✧ PE13/147 |
staina > θaina | st- > θ- | ᴱ✶stainá > ᴱQ. saina | ✧ PE13/153 |
stakta- > θakta- | st- > θ- | ᴱ✶stak+ta > ᴱQ. sahta | ✧ PE14/66 |