ᴹAQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants; [sp-|st-|sk-] > [ɸ-|θ-|x-]

ᴹAQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants; [sp-|st-|sk-] > [ɸ-|θ-|x-]

References ✧ PE19/36-37, 41

Order (02200)

After	02100	syllabic initial [s] became [is]
Before	02400	[x], [s] unvoiced following [j], [w]
Before	03500	unstressed medial long vowels shortened	ᴹ✶farāyā́ > fárăyā > ᴹQ. farea	PE22/111

Phonetic Rule Elements

[sp-]	>	[ɸ-]	✧ PE19/37 (sp > f; initial)
[st-]	>	[θ-]	✧ PE19/37 (st > th; initial)
[sk-]	>	[x-]	✧ PE19/38 (sky > hy; initial); PE19/38 (skw > hw; initial); PE19/37 (sk > h; initial)

Phonetic Rule Examples

skala > xala	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKAL² > ᴹQ. hala	✧ Ety/SKAL²
skalja- > xalja-	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKAL¹ > ᴹQ. halya-	✧ Ety/SKAL¹
skalja- > xalja-	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKAL³ > ᴹQ. halya-	✧ EtyAC/SKAL³
skalmā > xalmā	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skalmā > ᴹQ. halma	✧ EtyAC/SKEL
skalnā > xalnā	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skalnā > ᴹQ. halda	✧ Ety/SKAL¹
skalna > xalna	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skalnā > ᴹQ. halla	✧ EtyAC/SKEL
skarna- > xarna-	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKAR > ᴹQ. harna-	✧ Ety/SKAR
skarnā > xarnā	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skarnā > ᴹQ. harna	✧ Ety/SKAR
skarwē > xarwē	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skarwē > ᴹQ. harwe	✧ Ety/SKAR
skat- > xat-	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKAT > ᴹQ. hat-	✧ Ety/SKAT
skelmā > xelmā	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skelmā > ᴹQ. helma	✧ Ety/SKEL
skelnā > xelnā	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skelnā > ᴹQ. helda	✧ Ety/SKEL
skjapat > xjapat	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skyapat- > ᴹQ. hyapat	✧ Ety/SKYAP
skora- > xora-	sk- > x-	ᴹ✶skorā > ᴹQ. hora	✧ PE22/113
skwarin > xwarin	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKWAR > ᴹQ. hwarin	✧ Ety/SKWAR
skwarma > xwarma	sk- > x-	ᴹ√SKWAR > ᴹQ. hwarma	✧ Ety/SKWAR
spaika > ɸaika	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ√SPAY > ᴹQ. faika	✧ Ety/SPAY
spāna > ɸāna	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ√SPAN > ᴹQ. fána	✧ Ety/SPAN
spaŋgā > ɸaŋgā	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ✶spangā > ᴹQ. fanga	✧ Ety/SPÁNAG
spanja > ɸanja	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ√SPAN > ᴹQ. fanya	✧ Ety/SPAN
spantur > ɸantur	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ✶Spanturo > ᴹQ. Fantur	✧ Ety/SPAN
spara- > ɸara-	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ✶sparā > ᴹQ. fara-	✧ PE22/113
spāra > ɸāra	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ√SPAR² > ᴹQ. fára	✧ EtyAC/SPAR²
sparājā > ɸarājā	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ✶farāyā́ > fárăyā > ᴹQ. farea	✧ PE22/111
sparma > ɸarma	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ√SPAR² > ᴹQ. farma	✧ EtyAC/SPAR²
spinde > ɸinde	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ✶spindē > ᴹQ. finde	✧ Ety/SPIN
spinē > ɸinē	sp- > ɸ-	ᴹ✶spinē > ᴹQ. fine	✧ Ety/SPIN
stabnē > θabnē	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stabnē > ᴹQ. samna	✧ Ety/STAB
stabnō > θabnō	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stabnō > ᴹQ. samno	✧ Ety/STAB
stabrō > θabrō	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stabrō > ᴹQ. sauro	✧ EtyAC/STAB
stambē > θambē	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stambē > ᴹQ. sambe	✧ Ety/STAB
θanda > θanda	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STAN > ᴹQ. sanda	✧ Ety/STAN
θaŋgā > θaŋgā	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stangā > ᴹQ. sanga	✧ Ety/STAG
θaŋgā > θaŋgā	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STAG > ᴹQ. sanga	✧ PE22/107
θaŋgasjandō > θaŋgasjandō	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stangasyandō > ᴹQ. sangahyando	✧ Ety/SYAD
θanja > θanja	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STAN > ᴹQ. sanya	✧ Ety/STAN
θanje > θanje	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STAN > ᴹQ. sanye	✧ Ety/STAN
θaŋkā > θaŋkā	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stankā > ᴹQ. sanka	✧ Ety/STAK
star- > θar-	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STAR > ᴹQ. thare	✧ PE22/112
θara > θara	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STAR > ᴹQ. sara	✧ Ety/STAR
stegrā > θegrā	st- > θ-	ᴹ✶stegrā > ᴹQ. thḗra	✧ PE19/46
stintā > θintā	st- > θ-	ᴹ√STINTĀ > ᴹQ. sinta	✧ Ety/STINTĀ
stugnā > θugnā	st- > θ-	✶stuknā > Q. thúna	✧ PE19/86
stundo > θundo	st- > θ-	ᴹ√SUD > ᴹQ. sundo	✧ Ety/SUD

ᴱQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants; [s{pɸ}-|s{tθ}-|s{kx}-] > [ɸ-|θ-|x-]

Phonetic Rule Elements

[sp-]	>	[ɸ-]
[st-]	>	[θ-]
[sk-]	>	[x-]

Phonetic Rule Examples

skampa- > xampa-	sk- > x-	ᴱ√kapa- > ᴱQ. hampa-	✧ PE14/66
skanta > xanta	sk- > x-	ᴱ✶skantá > ᴱQ. hanta	✧ PE13/147
skapta- > xapta-	sk- > x-	ᴱ✶skapi̯a- > ᴱQ. hapta-	✧ PE14/66
skend > xend	sk- > x-	ᴱ✶ske-ndá > ᴱQ. hen	✧ PE13/147
staina > θaina	st- > θ-	ᴱ✶stainá > ᴱQ. saina	✧ PE13/153
stakta- > θakta-	st- > θ-	ᴱ✶stak+ta > ᴱQ. sahta	✧ PE14/66