Q. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]; [ɸ|β] > [f|v]
In Quenya the bilabial spirants ꝑ, ƀ [ɸ, β] (as derived from primitive ph, b) both became labio-dental f, v. These sound changes were mentioned in both the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1940s and the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s:
ph: produced a bilabial spirant [ꝑ] ... Later or Tarquesta changes. ph > ꝑ became the labio-dental f (OP1: PE19/30-31)
ph became a bilabial spirant [ꝑ]. Later where preserved this became labio-dental [f] (OP2: PE19/71).
b became ƀ (bilabial v). Later, where preserved, ƀ became labio-dental v (OP1: PE19/32).
b became bilabial ƀ. Later, where preserved, ƀ became labio-dental v (OP2: PE19/69).
Examples are numerous in all conceptual periods. In the Late Quenya of the 1950s and 60s, the same developments applied to ƀ derived from w (OP2: PE19/72), but in the 1930s w > v occurred after the shift of ꝑ, ƀ > f, v (OP1: PE19/33).
In OP1 of the 1940s, Tolkien said that ꝑ > f in Tarquesta [TQ]. Likewise in notes associated with The Shibboleth of Feanor from the last 1960s, Tolkien indicates the ꝑ > f shift was fairly late, probably early in the TQ period but before þ > s, and that this sound change did not occur at all in the Vanyarin dialect:
It would appear that for reasons not now, of course, fully understood, the majority of the Ñoldor developed a distaste for the sound þ. This in Quenya was earlier, as it remained in Vanyarin, a dental spirant (made with the tongue-tip behind the back of the upper front teeth, which makes the passage to s easier). Similarly the labial spirant f was bilabial, and so remained in Vanyarin. The shift from dental and labial þ and f to interdental þ and labio-dental f occurred first in Telerin. The labio-dental f soon spread to Noldorin. Probably because it helped to make f and the voiceless w (transcribed hw) of Quenya more clearly distinguished (VT41/7).
In a footnote to the above quote Tolkien said:
The Ñoldor, before they made the change, accused the Vanyar of confusing the two sounds. In fact if left to unheeded change they would probably have merged in Quenya hw. Their near approach (by slackening the spirantal friction of f) before the separation of Vanyar and Noldor is seen in the development of phu- > *hwu- > hu-, as in Quenya huine “gloom”, unrelieved darkness (as a night without stars or moon), Telerin fuine of same sense, Sindarin fuin “night”. Later when the merging had been checked in Noldorin it was one of Feanor’s jests to declare that the Vanyar called his father Hwinwe and himself Hwëanaro (VT41/8 note #1).
Hat tip to Shihali for pointing out these two quotes to me. In OP2, Tolkien did not mention the preservation of bilabial f [ɸ] in Vanyarin, but he did say that hw > f in that dialect (PE19/75, 79, 88). This Vanyarin-only development is more plausible if f remained as bilabial ꝑ, so Tolkien may have established the TQ timing of ꝑ > f in OP2 or even in OP1.
Tolkien was less explicit on the timing of ƀ > v, but since lb was a common variant for lv in Ñoldorin pronunciation (LotR/1121) and lƀ, rƀ > lb, rb was universal in Vanyarin (PE19/93), it seems likely ƀ > v was a TQ change as well (though whether it was Ñoldorin-only is unclear).
Conceptual Development: Tolkien also described these sound changes for the Early Qenya of the 1910s and 1920s, except in the earliest conceptual stages bilabial spirants ꝑ, ƀ were part of Primitive Elvish (PE12/15, 20, 24).
References ✧ PE19/69, 71, 93; PM/402
Order (02900)
After | 04300 | AQ. [β], [ɣ] vocalized before voiced consonants | ||
After | 01300 | [ɸu] became [hu] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
|
> |
|
✧ PE17/92 (ph > f); PE19/71 ([ꝑ] > f) |
|
> |
|
✧ PE19/69 (ƀ > v); PE19/72 (ƀ > v; initially or between vowels); PE19/93 (rƀ, lƀ > rv, lv); PM/402 (b > v) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
ɸā > fā | ɸ > f | ✶phāy > Q. fá | ✧ PE19/104 |
ɸā > fā | ɸ > f | ✶phā > Q. fā | ✧ VT47/35 |
ɸai > fai | ɸ > f | √PHĀ > Q. fai | ✧ PE22/147 |
ɸaila > faila | ɸ > f | √PHAYA > Q. faila | ✧ PM/352 |
ɸaire > faire | ɸ > f | ✶phai-rĭ > Q. fairë | ✧ NM/237 |
ɸalasse > falasse | ɸ > f | √PHAL > Q. falasse | ✧ PE17/62 |
ɸalma > falma | ɸ > f | √PHAL > Q. falma | ✧ PE17/62 |
ɸalma > falma | ɸ > f | √PHAL > Q. falma | ✧ PE17/73 |
ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √FAN > Q. fana | ✧ PE17/26 |
ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | ✶phanā > Q. fana | ✧ PE17/173 |
ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | ✶phanā > Q. fana | ✧ PE17/174 |
ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √Fana- > Q. fana | ✧ RGEO/66 |
ɸanar > fanar | ɸ > f | √PHAN > Q. fanar | ✧ PE17/179 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | √phan > Q. fanya | ✧ NM/237 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | √FAN > Q. fanya | ✧ PE17/26 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | √FAN > Q. fanya | ✧ PE17/26 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | √PHAN > Q. fanya | ✧ PE17/36 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | √PHAN > Q. fanya | ✧ PE17/173 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | ✶phanyā > Q. fanya | ✧ PE17/175 |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | √Fana- > Q. fanya | ✧ RGEO/66 |
ɸanta- > fanta- | ɸ > f | ✶phantā- > Q. fanta- | ✧ PE17/174 |
ɸanta- > fanta- | ɸ > f | √phan- > Q. fanta- | ✧ VT43/22 |
ɸanwa > fanwa | ɸ > f | ✶fanma > Q. fanwa | ✧ PE17/176 |
ɸanwa > fanwa | ɸ > f | ✶fan-mā > Q. fanwa | ✧ PE17/180 |
ɸanwe > fanwe | ɸ > f | √phan > Q. fanwë | ✧ NM/237 |
ɸarale > farale | ɸ > f | ✶phár-alē > Q. farále | ✧ PE22/138 |
ɸarale > farale | ɸ > f | ✶phár-alē > Q. fărăle | ✧ PE22/138 |
ɸarne > farne | ɸ > f | ✶pharan- > Q. ‽fărnĭ | ✧ PE17/83 |
ɸarne > farne | ɸ > f | ✶pharne > Q. ‽farnë | ✧ PE17/83 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | ✶phăya > Q. fëa | ✧ MR/349 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | ✶phăya > Q. fëa | ✧ MR/470 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | ✶phắyā > Q. fëa | ✧ NM/237 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | ✶fáyā > Q. fëa | ✧ PE17/124 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | ✶phayā > făyā > Q. fea | ✧ PE19/104 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | √PHAYA > Q. fëa | ✧ PM/352 |
ɸea > fea | ɸ > f | ✶phayā > Q. fea | ✧ VT41/14 |
ɸeanāro > feanāro | ɸ > f | ✶phaya-nāro > Q. Fëanáro | ✧ PE17/39 |
ɸelextā > felextā | ɸ > f | √PHELEK > Q. felehta | ✧ PE17/118 |
ɸelja > felja | ɸ > f | ✶phelgā > Q. felya | ✧ PE17/118 |
ɸelka > felka | ɸ > f | √PHELEK > Q. felca | ✧ PE17/118 |
ɸelko > felko | ɸ > f | √PHELEK > Q. felco | ✧ PE17/118 |
ɸelme > felme | ɸ > f | √phel- > Q. felme | ✧ VT41/19 |
ɸenna > fenna | ɸ > f | √PHEN > Q. fenna | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸērima > fērima | ɸ > f | √PHERE > Q. férima | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸerja- > ferja- | ɸ > f | √PHERE > Q. ferya- | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸiliŋke > filiŋke | ɸ > f | √philik > Q. filinke | ✧ PE21/72 |
ɸimbe > fimbe | ɸ > f | √PHIM > Q. fimbi- | ✧ PE17/23 |
ɸinda > finda | ɸ > f | √PHĬN > Q. finda | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸinde > finde | ɸ > f | √SPIN-ID > Q. findë | ✧ PE17/119 |
ɸinde > finde | ɸ > f | √PHIN > Q. findë | ✧ PM/340 |
ɸindele > findele | ɸ > f | ✶espin-delē > Q. phindele | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸindele > findele | ɸ > f | ✶spindilā > Q. findile | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | √SPIN- > Q. phin- | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | √SPIN- > Q. fine | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | √PHIN > Q. finë | ✧ PM/340 |
ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | √PHINĪ > Q. fínë | ✧ PE17/119 |
ɸinja > finja | ɸ > f | √PHIN- > Q. finya | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸinja- > finja- | ɸ > f | √PHĬN > Q. finya- | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸiŋka > fiŋka | ɸ > f | √PHINĪ > Q. finca | ✧ PE17/119 |
ɸiŋka > fiŋka | ɸ > f | ✶finik/fink > Q. finca | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸinta- > finta- | ɸ > f | √PHIN- > Q. finta- | ✧ PE17/17 |
ɸinta- > finta- | ɸ > f | √PHINĪ > Q. finta- | ✧ PE17/119 |
ɸintaler > fintaler | ɸ > f | √PHINĪ > Q. fintaler | ✧ PE17/119 |
ɸinwa > finwa | ɸ > f | √PHINĪ > Q. finwa | ✧ PE17/119 |
ɸinwa > finwa | ɸ > f | √PHĬN > Q. finwa | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸīrimar > fīrimar | ɸ > f | √PHIRI > Q. Fírimar | ✧ WJ/387 |
ɸirja > firja | ɸ > f | √PHIRI > Q. Firyar | ✧ WJ/387 |
ɸō > fō | ɸ > f | √PHŌ/Ū > Q. fó | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸoa > foa | ɸ > f | √PHAW > Q. foa | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸoa > foa | ɸ > f | ✶fawa > Q. foa | ✧ VT47/35 |
ɸoalōke > foalōke | ɸ > f | ✶phawalōkō > Q. foalóke | ✧ PE17/181 |
ɸuine > fuine | ɸ > f | ✶phuinē > Q. fuinë | ✧ NM/279 |
raɸe > rafe | ɸ > f | ✶raphe > Q. rafe | ✧ PE19/89 |
alβe > alve | β > v | √ALAB > albe > Q. alve | ✧ PE17/146 |
atjāβie > atjāvie | β > v | ✶akyāwiē > Q. atyā́vie | ✧ PE22/152 |
auβie > auvie | β > v | √AW > Q. auvie | ✧ PE22/151 |
aβā > avā | β > v | √ABA > Q. avá | ✧ PE17/143 |
aβa- > ava- | β > v | ✶aba- > Q. ava- | ✧ PE22/163 |
aβa- > ava- | β > v | √ABA > Q. ava- | ✧ VT49/13 |
aβa- > ava- | β > v | ✶aba- > Q. ava- | ✧ WJ/370 |
aβa > ava | β > v | √ABA > Q. ava | ✧ PE17/143 |
aβa > ava | β > v | √ABA > Q. ava- | ✧ WJ/370 |
āβa > āva | β > v | √AW > Q. āva | ✧ PE22/151 |
aβan > avan | β > v | √ABA > Q. avan | ✧ PE22/162 |
aβan > avan | β > v | √ABA > Q. avan | ✧ PE22/164 |
aβanwa > avanwa | β > v | √ABA > Q. avanwa | ✧ PE17/143 |
aβar > avar | β > v | √ABA > Q. avar | ✧ PE17/143 |
hāβa > hāva | β > v | ✶khābā > Q. háva | ✧ NM/295 |
haβar > havar | β > v | ✶khabar > Q. havar | ✧ NM/295 |
karuβan > karuvan | β > v | ✶kar|ubā|ni > Q. caruvan(ye) | ✧ PE22/167 |
kaβ- > kav- | β > v | √KAB > Q. *cav- | ✧ VT47/21 |
kēβa > kēva | β > v | ✶kēwa > Q. kéva | ✧ VT48/7 |
kēβa > kēva | β > v | ✶kēwā > Q. kēva | ✧ VT48/8 |
kuiβar > kuivar | β > v | √cuy > Q. cuivar | ✧ NM/274 |
kuβ- > kuv- | β > v | √KUB > Q. #kuv- | ✧ PE22/155 |
kuβ- > kuv- | β > v | √KUB > Q. #cúv | ✧ PE22/155 |
kuβo > kuvo | β > v | √KUB > Q. #kuvo | ✧ PE22/155 |
laβa > lava | β > v | ✶labā́ > Q. lava | ✧ PE22/152 |
lāβar > lāvar | β > v | √LAWAR > Q. lávar | ✧ PE17/159 |
laβuva > lavuva | β > v | ✶laƀuvā > Q. †lavuva | ✧ PE22/152 |
lūβa > lūva | β > v | √LUB > Q. lúva | ✧ PE17/122 |
lūβa > lūva | β > v | ✶dūbā > Q. lúva | ✧ PE17/168 |
lūβo > lūvo | β > v | ✶slūbŭ > hlūvo > Q. lūvo | ✧ PE21/82 |
matuβanje > matuvanje | β > v | ✶mat-ubā-ni/njē > Q. matuvanye | ✧ PE22/132 |
miruβōre > miruvōre | β > v | ✶miru̯(a)-wōrĭ > Q. miruvórë | ✧ PE17/38 |
miruβōze > miruvōze | β > v | Val. mirubhōze > Q. miruvórë | ✧ PE17/38 |
nauβa > nauva | β > v | √NDAB > Q. nauva | ✧ PE22/151 |
nāβa > nāva | β > v | ✶nābā > Q. #Náva | ✧ WJ/389 |
naβe > nave | β > v | √ndab > Q. nave | ✧ VT42/34 |
naβin > navin | β > v | √NDAB > Q. năvin | ✧ PE22/154 |
naβo > navo | β > v | √NDAB > Q. Návo | ✧ PE22/154 |
neβ- > nev- | β > v | ‽√NDEB > Q. nev- | ✧ PE17/167 |
r̥āβa > r̥āva | β > v | √S-RAB > Q. hráva | ✧ PE17/78 |
rāβa > rāva | β > v | √RAB > Q. rāva | ✧ PE17/78 |
r̥āβan > r̥āvan | β > v | ✶srāban > Q. hrăvan | ✧ PE17/78 |
r̥āβe > r̥āve | β > v | ✶srāwe > Q. hrávë | ✧ MR/350 |
r̥ōβa > r̥ōva | β > v | √S)ROB > Q. hrōva | ✧ PE17/99 |
ruiβe > ruive | β > v | √RUYU > Q. ruive | ✧ PE17/183 |
saβ- > sav- | β > v | √SAB > Q. savin | ✧ PE22/158 |
saβ- > sav- | β > v | √SAB > Q. savin | ✧ VT49/27 |
sīβe > sīve | β > v | √SIB > Q. síve | ✧ VT44/35 |
tāβa > tāva | β > v | √TAW > Q. tāva | ✧ PE17/115 |
tjauβa > tjauva | β > v | ✶kyăwŭbā > Q. tyauva | ✧ PE22/152 |
tjāβa > tjāva | β > v | ✶kjāwā > Q. tyáva | ✧ PE22/152 |
tjaβe > tjave | β > v | ✶kyawĭ > tyawe > Q. tyave | ✧ PE22/152 |
tjaβin > tjavin | β > v | ✶kyawine > tyawin > Q. tyavin | ✧ PE22/152 |
-uβa > -uva | β > v | ✶-ubā > Q. uva | ✧ PE22/131 |
uβie > uvie | β > v | √UB > Q. úvie | ✧ PE22/132 |
-βa > -va | β > v | ᴹ✶-bā > ᴹQ. -vā̆- | ✧ PE22/97 |
-βa > -va | β > v | ✶-u̯a > Q. -va | ✧ PE17/59 |
-βa > -va | β > v | ✶-vā > Q. -va | ✧ WJ/407 |
βa > va | β > v | √awa > Q. va- | ✧ VT49/24 |
βa > va | β > v | √BĀ > Q. Vá! | ✧ PE17/143 |
βā > va | β > v | √BĀ > Q. vá | ✧ PE17/145 |
βa > va | β > v | √BA > Q. vá | ✧ PE22/162 |
βa > va | β > v | √BA > Q. vá | ✧ WJ/371 |
βai > vai | β > v | ✶vai > Q. ve | ✧ VT49/32 |
βaile > vaile | β > v | ✶waile > Q. vaile | ✧ PE17/189 |
βaile > vaile | β > v | ✶waiwe > Q. vaiwe | ✧ PE17/33 |
βaire > vaire | β > v | √WIRI > Q. Vaire | ✧ PE17/191 |
βaire > vaire | β > v | √WIR > Q. Vaire | ✧ VT39/10 |
βaire > vaire | β > v | √WAYA > Q. vaire | ✧ PE17/34 |
βaiwai > vaiwai | β > v | ✶waiwa(y) > Q. vaiwe | ✧ PE17/189 |
βāja > vāja | β > v | √WAYA > Q. váya | ✧ PE17/33 |
βāja > vāja | β > v | √WAYA > Q. waya | ✧ PE17/34 |
βājā > vāja- | β > v | √WĀ > Q. váya | ✧ PE17/33 |
βākwet- > vākwet- | β > v | ✶bá-kwet > Q. vāquet- | ✧ PE22/167 |
βala > vala | β > v | √BAL > Q. Vala | ✧ PE17/48 |
βala > vala | β > v | √bal- > Q. val- | ✧ SA/val |
βalanja > valanja | β > v | ✶Balaniā > Q. Valanya | ✧ Let/427 |
βalar > valar | β > v | √BAL > Q. Valar | ✧ PE17/48 |
βalinōre > valinōre | β > v | ✶Bali(a)nōrē > Q. Valinórë | ✧ PE17/26 |
βalinōre > valinōre | β > v | ✶Valinōrē > Q. Valinóre | ✧ WJ/413 |
βāna > vāna | β > v | √ɃAN > Q. Vána | ✧ PE17/149 |
βāna > vāna | β > v | √BAN > Q. Vána | ✧ PE17/150 |
βāna > vāna | β > v | √WAN > Q. Vána | ✧ WJ/383 |
βāne > vāne | β > v | ✶wāne > Q. vāne | ✧ PE17/63 |
βane > vane | β > v | √BAN > Q. vane | ✧ PE17/56 |
βaŋgwe > vaŋgwe | β > v | ✶wagmē > Q. vangwë | ✧ NM/237 |
βaŋgwe > vaŋgwe | β > v | ✶wagme > Q. vangwe | ✧ PE17/34 |
βanima > vanima | β > v | √ɃAN > Q. vanima | ✧ PE17/149 |
βanima > vanima | β > v | √BAN > Q. vanima | ✧ PE17/150 |
βanima > vanima | β > v | √BAN > Q. vanima | ✧ PE17/165 |
βanja > vanja | β > v | √BAN > Q. vanya | ✧ PE17/56 |
βanja > vanja | β > v | √ɃAN > Q. vanya | ✧ PE17/149 |
βanja > vanja | β > v | √BAN > Q. vanya | ✧ PE17/150 |
βanja > vanja | β > v | ✶wanya > Q. vanya | ✧ PE17/150 |
βanja > vanja | β > v | ✶wana > Q. văna | ✧ PE17/150 |
βanja > vanja | β > v | ✶banya > Q. vanya | ✧ PE17/165 |
βanjar > vanjar | β > v | ✶Banyai > Q. Vanyar | ✧ PM/402 |
βanjar > vanjar | β > v | ✶wanjā > Q. Vanyar | ✧ WJ/380 |
βanjar > vanjar | β > v | ✶wanjā > Q. Vanyar | ✧ WJ/383 |
βaranda > varanda | β > v | √BARAD > Q. varanda | ✧ PE17/23 |
βarda > varda | β > v | ✶baradā > Q. Varda | ✧ PE17/22 |
βarda > varda | β > v | √BARAD > Q. Varda | ✧ PE17/23 |
βarne > varne | β > v | ✶barani > Q. *varnë | ✧ PE21/81 |
βaθar > vaθar | β > v | √Wathar > waþar > Q. vasar | ✧ VT42/9 |
βaθar > vaθar | β > v | √waþar > Q. vasar | ✧ VT42/10 |
βaθarja- > vaθarja- | β > v | √waþar > Q. vasarya- | ✧ VT42/10 |
βāβa > vāva | β > v | ✶wā-wā > Q. váva | ✧ PE17/33 |
βāβa > vāva | β > v | ✶wā-wā > Q. váva | ✧ PE17/34 |
βē > vē | β > v | ✶wē > Q. vē̆ | ✧ VT49/10 |
βē > vē | β > v | ✶bē > Q. ve | ✧ VT49/32 |
βē > vē | β > v | ✶wē̆ > Q. vē̆ | ✧ PE17/130 |
βea > vea | β > v | √WAYA > Q. vëa | ✧ PE17/189 |
βekka > vekka | β > v | √WE’E > we’kā > wekka > Q. vecca | ✧ PE17/190 |
βeo > veo | β > v | ✶wegō(n) > weo > Q. vëo | ✧ PE17/189 |
βēra > vēra | β > v | √EWE > wéra > Q. véra | ✧ PM/340 |
βēre > vēre | β > v | √WER > Q. Vérë | ✧ PE17/33 |
βeri > veri | β > v | ✶verī > Q. veri | ✧ VT49/45 |
βerja- > verja- | β > v | √BER > Q. verya | ✧ VT49/45 |
βerta- > verta- | β > v | √BER > Q. verta | ✧ VT49/45 |
βeru > veru | β > v | ✶verū > Q. veru | ✧ VT49/45 |
βexte > vexte | β > v | ✶weg-tē > Q. vehte | ✧ PE17/189 |
βexte > vexte | β > v | √WE’E > we’te > wehte > Q. vehte | ✧ PE17/190 |
βi > vi | β > v | ✶wi > Q. vi | ✧ PE17/130 |
βīne > vīne | β > v | √WIN > Q. vínë | ✧ PE17/191 |
βinja > vinja | β > v | √WIN > Q. vinya | ✧ PE17/191 |
βinja > vinja | β > v | √win > Q. vinya | ✧ VT47/26 |
βirie > virie | β > v | ᴹ√WIR/WĪ/WIRI > ᴹQ. vírie | ✧ EtyAC/WIR |
βista- > vista- | β > v | √WIS > Q. vista- | ✧ PE17/189 |
βista- > vista- | β > v | √WIS > Q. vista | ✧ PE17/191 |
βiste > viste | β > v | √WIS > Q. #wiste | ✧ PE17/189 |
βizja- > vizja- | β > v | √WIS > Q. virya- | ✧ PE17/189 |
βizja- > vizja- | β > v | √WIS > Q. virya | ✧ PE17/191 |
ᴹQ. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]; [ɸ|β] > [f|v]
References ✧ PE19/31-32
Order (03000)
After | 04400 | ᴹAQ. [β], [ɣ] vocalized before voiced consonants | ||
After | 02900 | [ɸu] became [hu] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
|
> |
|
✧ PE19/50 (ph > f); PE19/50 (phy > fy); PE19/51 (lph > lf); PE19/51 (rph > rf) |
|
> |
|
Phonetic Rule Examples
eɸ- > ef- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√EPH- > ᴹQ. EPH- | ✧ PE22/127 |
ɸaika > faika | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAY > ᴹQ. faika | ✧ Ety/SPAY |
ɸaina- > faina- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAY > ᴹQ. faina- | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
ɸaire > faire | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAY > ᴹQ. faire | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
ɸaire > faire | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. faire | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
ɸalasse > falasse | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falasse | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
ɸalle > falle | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falle | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
ɸalma > falma | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falma | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
ɸalmarin > falmarin | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falmarin | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
ɸāna > fāna | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAN > ᴹQ. fána | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
ɸaŋga > faŋga | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶spangā > ᴹQ. fanga | ✧ Ety/SPÁNAG |
ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAN > ᴹQ. fanya | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
ɸantur > fantur | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶Spanturo > ᴹQ. Fantur | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
ɸara- > fara- | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶sparā > ᴹQ. fara- | ✧ PE22/113 |
ɸāra > fāra | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAR² > ᴹQ. fára | ✧ EtyAC/SPAR² |
ɸarea > farea | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶farāyā́ > fárăyā > ᴹQ. farea | ✧ PE22/111 |
ɸarea > farea | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farea | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
ɸarea > farea | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. fā̆rea | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
ɸaren > faren | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. faren | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
ɸarja- > farja- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farya- | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
ɸarja- > farja- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farya- | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
ɸarma > farma | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAR² > ᴹQ. farma | ✧ EtyAC/SPAR² |
ɸarme > farme | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. fáre | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
ɸarme > farme | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farme | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
ɸarne > farne | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHARAN > ᴹQ. farne | ✧ EtyAC/PHARAN |
ɸasse > fasse | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAS > ᴹQ. fasse | ✧ Ety/PHAS |
ɸasta- > fasta- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAS > ᴹQ. fasta- | ✧ Ety/PHAS |
ɸauka > fauka | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAU̯ > ᴹQ. fauka | ✧ Ety/PHAU |
ɸazne > fazne | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAS > ᴹQ. farne | ✧ EtyAC/PHARAN |
ɸazne > fazne | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAS > fazne > ᴹQ. farne | ✧ EtyAC/PHAS |
ɸeanāro > feanāro | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶Phay-anāro > ᴹQ. Feanáro | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
ɸelja > felja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHÉLEG > ᴹQ. felya | ✧ Ety/PHÉLEG |
ɸenda > fenda | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHEN > ᴹQ. fenda | ✧ Ety/PHEN |
ɸeren > feren | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶phéren > ᴹQ. feren | ✧ Ety/BERÉTH |
ɸeren > feren | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHÉREN > ᴹQ. feren | ✧ Ety/PHER |
ɸerna > ferna | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHÉREN > ᴹQ. ferna | ✧ Ety/PHER |
ɸeuya- > feuya- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHEW > ᴹQ. feuya- | ✧ Ety/PHEW |
ɸiliŋke > filiŋke | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶philínkē > ᴹQ. filinke | ✧ PE21/56 |
ɸilit > filit | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHILIK > ᴹQ. filit | ✧ Ety/PHILIK |
ɸinde > finde | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶spindē > ᴹQ. finde | ✧ Ety/SPIN |
ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶spinē > ᴹQ. fine | ✧ Ety/SPIN |
ɸion > fion | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHI > ᴹQ. fion | ✧ Ety/PHI |
ɸire > fire | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. fire | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
ɸīrima > fīrima | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. fírima | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
ɸirin > firin | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. firin | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
ɸirja > firja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. firya | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
ɸorja > forja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHOR > ᴹQ. forya | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
ɸorte > forte | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶phoroti > ᴹQ. forte | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
raɸe > rafe | ɸ > f | ᴹ√RAPH > raphe > ᴹQ. rafe | ✧ PE22/102 |
aβante > avante | β > v | ᴹ✶abtā > ᴹQ. avante | ✧ PE19/45 |
aβar > avar | β > v | ᴹ✶ábārō̆ > ᴹQ. Avar/Avaro | ✧ Ety/AB |
jāβe > jāve | β > v | ᴹ√YAB > ᴹQ. yáve | ✧ Ety/YAB |
kauβa > kauva | β > v | ᴹ√KAV- > kavuva > ᴹQ. kauva | ✧ PE22/105 |
kuβ- > kuv- | β > v | ᴹ√KUB > ᴹQ. kuve | ✧ PE22/102 |
laiβe > laive | β > v | ᴹ✶laibē > ᴹQ. laive | ✧ Ety/LIB² |
laβ- > lav- | β > v | ᴹ√DAB > ᴹQ. lav- | ✧ Ety/DAB |
laβe > lave | β > v | ᴹ√LAB > ᴹQ. lave | ✧ PE22/102 |
laβin > lavin | β > v | ᴹ√LAB > ᴹQ. lavin | ✧ Ety/LAB |
nakuβan > nakuvan | β > v | ᴹ✶ndăkŭbā̆nyē > ᴹQ. nakuvan | ✧ PE21/65 |
rāβa > rāva | β > v | ᴹ✶rāba > ᴹQ. ráva | ✧ Ety/RAB |
rāβa > rāva | β > v | ᴹ√RAB² > ᴹQ. ráva | ✧ Ety/RAMBĀ |
sāβa > sāva | β > v | ᴹ√SAB > ᴹQ. sáva | ✧ Ety/SAB |
suβ- > suv- | β > v | ᴹ√SUB > ᴹQ. sumbe | ✧ PE22/127 |
taβar > tavar | β > v | ᴹ✶tawar > ᴹQ. tavar | ✧ Ety/TÁWAR |
taβaril > tavaril | β > v | ᴹ✶táwārē̆ > ᴹQ. tavaril | ✧ Ety/TÁWAR |
taβaro > tavaro | β > v | ᴹ✶táwārō̆ > ᴹQ. tavaro/tavaron | ✧ Ety/TÁWAR |
tjaβe > tjave | β > v | ᴹ√KYAB > ᴹQ. tyave | ✧ PE22/102 |
tjaβin > tjavin | β > v | ᴹ√KYAB > ᴹQ. tyavin | ✧ Ety/KYAB |
-uβa > -uva | β > v | ᴹ√UB > ᴹQ. -uva | ✧ VT48/32 |
ūβe > ūve | β > v | ᴹ√UB > ᴹQ. úve | ✧ Ety/UB |
uβie > uvie | β > v | ᴹ√UB > ᴹQ. úvie | ✧ VT48/32 |
βala > vala | β > v | ᴹ✶bálā > ᴹQ. Vala | ✧ Ety/BAL |
βali > vali | β > v | ᴹ✶bal-ī́ > ᴹQ. †Vali | ✧ Ety/BAL |
βalindor > valindor | β > v | ᴹ✶balī́-ndō̆re > ᴹQ. Valinor | ✧ Ety/BAL |
βalindor > valindor | β > v | ᴹ✶Bắlī + ndṓrḗ > Bálīndṑrē > Bálĭndṑrĕ > Balindor > ᴹQ. Valinor | ✧ PE19/59 |
βalinor > valinor | β > v | ᴹ✶Balī-nṓrē̆ > Bali-nṓr(e) > ᴹQ. Valinor | ✧ PE18/56 |
βalja > valja | β > v | ᴹ√BAL > ᴹQ. valya | ✧ Ety/BAL |
βana > vana | β > v | ᴹ✶bánā > ᴹQ. Vana | ✧ Ety/BAN |
βanda > vanda | β > v | ᴹ✶banda > ᴹQ. vanda | ✧ EtyAC/BAD² |
βanima > vanima | β > v | ᴹ√BAN > ᴹQ. vanima | ✧ Ety/BAN |
βanja > vanja | β > v | ᴹ✶bányā > ᴹQ. vanya | ✧ Ety/BAN |
βanta > vanta | β > v | ᴹ√BAT > ᴹQ. vanta | ✧ Ety/BAT |
βanta- > vanta- | β > v | ᴹ√BAT > ᴹQ. vanta- | ✧ Ety/BAT |
βanwa > vanwa | β > v | √ABA/BA > Q. vanwa | ✧ PE17/16 |
βanwa > vanwa | β > v | ✶bā̆nwa > Q. vanwa | ✧ PE22/137 |
βanwa > vanwa | β > v | ᴹ√BĀ/BANA > ᴹQ. vanwa | ✧ PE22/97 |
βanwa > vanwa | β > v | ᴹ√vā- > ᴹQ. vanwa | ✧ PE22/106 |
βanwa > vanwa | β > v | ᴹ√BA > ᴹQ. vanwa | ✧ PE22/112 |
βarda > varda | β > v | ᴹ✶barádā > ᴹQ. Varda | ✧ Ety/BARÁD |
βarda > varda | β > v | ᴹ✶baradā > ᴹQ. Varda | ✧ Ety/BARATH |
βarile > varile | β > v | ᴹ√BAR > ᴹQ. varile | ✧ EtyAC/BAR |
βarja- > varja- | β > v | ᴹ✶baryā́- > ᴹQ. varya- | ✧ Ety/BAR |
βarna > varna | β > v | ᴹ✶barnā́ > ᴹQ. varna | ✧ Ety/BAR |
βarne > varne | β > v | ᴹ√BAR > ᴹQ. varne | ✧ Ety/BAR |
βarne > varne | β > v | ᴹ√BARÁN > ᴹQ. varne | ✧ Ety/BARÁN |
βenno > venno | β > v | ᴹ✶besnō > ᴹQ. venno | ✧ Ety/BES |
βerie > verie | β > v | ᴹ√BER > ᴹQ. verie | ✧ Ety/BER |
βerja > verja | β > v | ᴹ√BER > ᴹQ. verya | ✧ Ety/BER |
βerja- > verja- | β > v | ᴹ✶bérya- > ᴹQ. verya- | ✧ Ety/BER |
βerka > verka | β > v | ᴹ✶berékā > ᴹQ. verka | ✧ Ety/BERÉK |
βesse > vesse | β > v | ᴹ✶bessē > ᴹQ. vesse | ✧ Ety/BES |
βesta- > vesta- | β > v | ᴹ√BES > ᴹQ. vesta- | ✧ Ety/BES |
βesta- > vesta- | β > v | ᴹ√BES > ᴹQ. vesta- | ✧ Ety/WED |
βesta > vesta | β > v | ᴹ✶bestā > ᴹQ. vesta | ✧ Ety/BES |
βesta > vesta | β > v | ᴹ√BES > ᴹQ. vesta | ✧ Ety/WED |
βezu > vezu | β > v | ᴹ✶besū > ᴹQ. veru | ✧ Ety/BES |
βōre > vōre | β > v | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. vóre | ✧ EtyAC/BOR |
βōrea > vōrea | β > v | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. vórëa | ✧ EtyAC/BOR |
βōrima > vōrima | β > v | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. vórima | ✧ Ety/BOR |
βoro > voro | β > v | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. voro | ✧ Ety/BOR |
βoronwa > voronwa | β > v | ᴹ√BORÓN > ᴹQ. voronwa | ✧ Ety/BORÓN |
βoronwie > voronwie | β > v | ᴹ√BORÓN > ᴹQ. voronwie | ✧ Ety/BORÓN |
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f]; [ɸ|ɸɣʷ|ɸðʲ|ɸu] > [f|f|j̊|βu]
References ✧ PE12/20
Order (01400)
After | voiceless spirants became stops before stops, [s] or [z] | |||
Before | geminate voiceless spirants reduced | |||
Before | [β] vanished before [u] | |||
Before | 02000 | intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced |
Phonetic Rule Elements
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/16 (ꝑ > f); PE12/21 (ꝑꝑ > ff) |
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/20 (fw̑ > f) |
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/20 (fy̑ > hy) |
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/20 (ꝑ > ƀ; before ū̆) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
aɸalta- > afalta- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FALA > ᴱQ. avalta | ✧ QL/34 |
aɸesta > afesta | ɸ > f | ᴱ√AFA > ᴱQ. avesta | ✧ QL/29 |
ɸajka > fajka | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAYA > ᴱQ. faika | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸajno > fajno | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAYA > ᴱQ. faino | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸajnu- > fajnu- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAYA > ᴱQ. fainu- | ✧ LT1A/Dor Faidwen |
ɸajre > fajre | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAYA > ᴱQ. faire | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸalass > falass | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FALA > ᴱQ. falas | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸalin > falin | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FALA > ᴱQ. falin | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸalka > falka | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FALA > ᴱQ. falka | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸalmar > falmar | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FALA > ᴱQ. falmar | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸalmo > falmo | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FALA > ᴱQ. falmo | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸamβa > famβa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAɃA > ᴱQ. famba | ✧ QL/36 |
ɸaβka > famβa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAɃA > ᴱQ. fauka | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸamβo > famβo | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAɃA > ᴱQ. fambo | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸandelu > fandelu | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fandelu | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸando > fando | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fando | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸandos > fandos | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fandor | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸandoss > fandoss | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fandos | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸanōre > fanōre | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FANA > ᴱQ. fanōre | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸansa > fansa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FANA > ᴱQ. fansa | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸanta- > fanta- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FANA > ᴱQ. fanta- | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸantḷ > fantḷ | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FANA > ᴱQ. fantl | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸanwe > fanwe | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FANA > ᴱQ. fanwe | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸawsta > fawsta | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAWA > ᴱQ. fausta | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸawsta- > fawsta- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAWA > ᴱQ. fausta- | ✧ QL/37 |
ɸelu > felu | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FELU > ᴱQ. felu | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸeŋg > feŋg | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FEŊE > ᴱQ. fen | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸeŋg- > feŋg- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FEŊE > ᴱQ. fengin | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸeŋkʷa > feŋkʷa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FEŊE > ᴱQ. fenqa | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸiðin > fiðin | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FIŘI > ᴱQ. firin | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸilkʷe > filkʷe | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FILI > ᴱQ. filqe | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸilma > filma | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FILI > ᴱQ. filma | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸilwa > filwa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FILI > ᴱQ. filwa | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸinðḷ > finðḷ | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FIŘI > ᴱQ. findl | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸiŋgil > fiŋgil | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FIŊI > ᴱQ. fingil | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸiŋgʷa > fiŋgʷa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FIŊI > ᴱQ. fingwa | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸinie > finie | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FINI > ᴱQ. finië | ✧ LT1A/Finwë |
ɸint > fint | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FINI > ᴱQ. fint | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸinwa > finwa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FINI > ᴱQ. finwa | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸoɣa > foɣa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FOƷO > ᴱQ. foa | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸoɣina > foɣina | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FOƷO > ᴱQ. foina | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸoɣle > foɣle | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FOƷO > ᴱQ. fôle | ✧ QL/38 |
ɸoxa > foxa | ɸ > f | ᴱ√foχo > ᴱQ. foa | ✧ GL/36 |
ɸum- > fum- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FUMU > ᴱQ. fum- | ✧ QL/39 |
ɸūme > fūme | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FUMU > ᴱQ. fūme | ✧ QL/39 |
ɸurin > furin | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FURU > ᴱQ. furin | ✧ QL/39 |
ɸuru > furu | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FURU > ᴱQ. furu | ✧ LT2A/Gar Thurion |
nuɸu- > nufu- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√NUFU > ᴱQ. nuvu- | ✧ QL/68 |
teɸe- > tefe- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√TEFE > ᴱQ. teve- | ✧ QL/90 |
teɸie > tefie | ɸ > f | ᴱ√TEFE > ᴱQ. tēvie | ✧ QL/90 |
teɸin > tefin | ɸ > f | ᴱ√TEFE > ᴱQ. tevin | ✧ QL/90 |
ulɸ- > ulf- | ɸ > f | ᴱ✶ḷ > ᴱQ. ul- | ✧ QL/97 |
ᴱQ. [β] became [v]; [β] > [v]
Reference ✧ PE12/24 ✧ phonetics
Phonetic Rule Elements
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/16 (ƀ > v (w); medial); PE12/24 (ƀ > v) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
aβ- > av- | β > v | ᴱ√AVA > ᴱQ. avin | ✧ QL/33 |
aβande > avande | β > v | ᴱ√AVA > ᴱQ. avande | ✧ QL/33 |
aβanwa > avanwa | β > v | ᴱ√AVA > ᴱQ. avanwa | ✧ QL/33 |
balaβa- > balava- | β > v | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palava- | ✧ QL/71 |
jaβ- > jav- | β > v | ᴱ√Ẏ̯AVA > ᴱQ. yavin | ✧ QL/105 |
jāβa > jāva | β > v | ᴱ√Ẏ̯AVA > ᴱQ. yāva | ✧ QL/105 |
kaβ- > kav- | β > v | ᴱ√KAVA > ᴱQ. kava- | ✧ QL/45 |
koiβa > koiβa | β > v | ᴱ√KOI̯-VI > ᴱQ. koiva | ✧ GL/29 |
koiβa > koiβa | β > v | ᴱ√KOẎO > ᴱQ. koiva | ✧ QL/48 |
kʷīβa > kʷīva | β > v | ᴱ√QIV > ᴱQ. Qîva | ✧ GL/29 |
laβ- > lav- | β > v | ᴱ√LAVA > ᴱQ. lava- | ✧ QL/52 |
laβeard > laveard | β > v | ᴱ√LAVA > ᴱQ. lāvear | ✧ QL/52 |
nāβe > nāve | β > v | ᴱ√NAVA > ᴱQ. nāve | ✧ QL/64 |
naβillo > navillo | β > v | ᴱ√NAVA > ᴱQ. navillo | ✧ QL/65 |
rāβi > rāvi | β > v | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. Râvi | ✧ QL/79 |
raβin > ravin | β > v | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. ravin | ✧ QL/79 |
siβilda > sivilda | β > v | ᴱ√SIVI > ᴱQ. sivilda | ✧ QL/84 |
soβallu- > sovallu- | β > v | ᴱ√SOVO > ᴱQ. sovallu- | ✧ QL/86 |
soβalna- > sovalna- | β > v | ᴱ√SOVO > ᴱQ. sovalna- | ✧ QL/86 |
soβo- > sovo- | β > v | ᴱ√SOVO > ᴱQ. sovo- | ✧ QL/86 |
suīβa > suīva | β > v | ᴱ√SUH͡YU > ᴱQ. suiva | ✧ QL/86 |
taβar > tavar | β > v | ᴱ√TAVA > ᴱQ. tavar | ✧ QL/90 |
taβas > tavas | β > v | ᴱ√TAVA > ᴱQ. tavas | ✧ QL/90 |
tuβu- > tuvu- | β > v | ᴱ√TUVU > ᴱQ. tuvu- | ✧ QL/96 |
tʲastʲaβa- > tʲastʲava- | β > v | ᴱ√TYASA > tyastyava > ᴱQ. tyastava- | ✧ QL/49 |
tʲaβa- > tʲava- | β > v | #ᴱ√tyav- > ᴱQ. tyav- | ✧ GL/24 |
tʲaβa- > tʲava- | β > v | ᴱ√TYAVA > ᴱQ. tyava- | ✧ QL/49 |
ūβ- > ūv- | β > v | ᴱ√UVU > ᴱQ. ūv- | ✧ QL/98 |
ūβa > ūva | β > v | ᴱ√Ū¹ > ᴱQ. ūva | ✧ QL/96 |
βā > vā | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vā² | ✧ QL/99 |
βaðʲ > vaðʲ | β > v | ᴱ√VAẎA > ᴱQ. Vai | ✧ QL/100 |
βaðʲle > vaðʲle | β > v | ᴱ√VAẎA > ᴱQ. vaile | ✧ QL/100 |
βaðʲma > vaðʲma | β > v | ᴱ√VAẎA > ᴱQ. vaima | ✧ QL/100 |
βaðʲne > vaðʲne | β > v | ᴱ√VAẎA > ᴱQ. vaine | ✧ QL/100 |
βaðʲta- > vaðʲta- | β > v | ᴱ√VAẎA > ᴱQ. vaita- | ✧ QL/100 |
βaðʲtʲa > vaðʲtʲa | β > v | ᴱ√VAẎA > ᴱQ. Vaitya | ✧ QL/100 |
βajma > vajma | β > v | ᴱ√VAYA > ᴱQ. vaima | ✧ LT1A/Vai |
βajna > vajna | β > v | ᴱ√VAYA > ᴱQ. vaina | ✧ LT1A/Vai |
βakse > vakse | β > v | ᴱ√VAKA > ᴱQ. vakse | ✧ QL/99 |
βakt > vakt | β > v | ᴱ√VAKA > ᴱQ. vakt- | ✧ QL/99 |
βalar > valar | β > v | ᴱ√VALA > ᴱQ. Valar | ✧ QL/99 |
βald > vald | β > v | ᴱ√VALA > ᴱQ. vald- | ✧ QL/99 |
βalim > valim | β > v | ᴱ√VALA > ᴱQ. valin | ✧ QL/99 |
βalis > valis | β > v | ᴱ√VALA > ᴱQ. Valis | ✧ QL/99 |
βalon > valon | β > v | ᴱ√VALA > ᴱQ. Valon | ✧ QL/99 |
βand > vand | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vand- | ✧ QL/99 |
βande > vande | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vande | ✧ QL/99 |
βande > vande | β > v | ᴱ√VANA > ᴱQ. vande | ✧ QL/99 |
βane > vane | β > v | ᴱ√VANA > ᴱQ. vane | ✧ QL/99 |
βaŋko > vaŋko | β > v | ᴱ√VAKA > ᴱQ. vanko | ✧ QL/99 |
βanwa > vanwa | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vanwa | ✧ QL/99 |
βar > var | β > v | ᴱ√VARA > ᴱQ. var | ✧ QL/100 |
βāra > vāra | β > v | ᴱ√VARA > ᴱQ. vāra | ✧ QL/100 |
βarja > varja | β > v | ᴱ√VARA > ᴱQ. varya | ✧ QL/100 |
βarne > varne | β > v | ᴱ√VARA > ᴱQ. varne | ✧ QL/100 |
βasa- > vasa- | β > v | ᴱ√VASA > ᴱQ. vasin | ✧ QL/100 |
βaska > vaska | β > v | ᴱ√VASA > ᴱQ. vaska | ✧ QL/100 |
βassale > vassale | β > v | ᴱ√VASA > ᴱQ. vassale | ✧ QL/100 |
βasse > vasse | β > v | ᴱ√VASA > ᴱQ. vasse | ✧ QL/100 |
βasta > vasta | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vasta- | ✧ QL/99 |
βasta- > vasta- | β > v | ᴱ√VASA > ᴱQ. vastan | ✧ QL/100 |
βax > vax | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vā | ✧ QL/99 |
βaxko > vaxko | β > v | ᴱ✶baχa > ᴱQ. vakko | ✧ GL/21 |
βaxnḷ > vaxnḷ | β > v | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vandl | ✧ LT1A/Qalvanda |
βe > ve | β > v | ᴱ√VĪ > ᴱQ. ve | ✧ QL/101 |
βeði > veði | β > v | ᴱ√VEŘE > ᴱQ. †veri | ✧ QL/101 |
βeðse > veðse | β > v | ᴱ√VEŘE > ᴱQ. †vesse | ✧ QL/101 |
βeðta- > veðta- | β > v | ᴱ√VEŘE > ᴱQ. vesta- | ✧ QL/101 |
βeðta > veðta | β > v | ᴱ√VEŘE > ᴱQ. vesta | ✧ QL/101 |
βeðtin > veðtin | β > v | ᴱ√VEŘE > ᴱQ. vestin | ✧ QL/101 |
βeðu > veðu | β > v | ᴱ√VEŘE > ᴱQ. veru | ✧ QL/101 |
βelka > velka | β > v | ᴱ√melek/mbelek/belek > ᴱQ. velka | ✧ GL/22 |
βelte > velte | β > v | ᴱ√VETE > ᴱQ. velte | ✧ QL/101 |
βelunte > velunte | β > v | ᴱ√VELU > ᴱQ. velunte | ✧ QL/100 |
βene > vene | β > v | ᴱ√VENE > venē- > ᴱQ. vene | ✧ QL/100 |
βenie > venie | β > v | ᴱ√VENE > ᴱQ. venie | ✧ QL/100 |
βenta > venta | β > v | ᴱ√VETE > ᴱQ. venta | ✧ QL/101 |
βenta- > venta- | β > v | ᴱ√VENE > ᴱQ. venta- | ✧ QL/100 |
βīke > vīke | β > v | ᴱ√VĪ > ᴱQ. vīke | ✧ QL/101 |
βiksa > viksa | β > v | ᴱ√VIKI > ᴱQ. viksa | ✧ QL/101 |
βikte > vikte | β > v | ᴱ√VIKI > ᴱQ. vikte | ✧ QL/101 |
βīle > vīle | β > v | ᴱ√VILI > ᴱQ. vīle | ✧ QL/101 |
βilina > vilina | β > v | ᴱ√VILI > ᴱQ. vilina | ✧ QL/101 |
βilna > vilna | β > v | ᴱ√VILI > ᴱQ. Vilya | ✧ QL/101 |
βite > vite | β > v | ᴱ√VITI > ᴱQ. vite | ✧ QL/101 |
βiti- > viti- | β > v | ᴱ√VITI > ᴱQ. vitsĭ- | ✧ QL/101 |
βītʲi > vītʲi | β > v | ᴱ√VIT͡YI > ᴱQ. vīsi- | ✧ QL/101 |
βḹda > vḹda | β > v | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. valda | ✧ QL/102 |
βḷð- > vḷð- | β > v | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. vildin | ✧ QL/102 |
βḷð > vḷð | β > v | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. vil(d) | ✧ QL/102 |
βḷk- > vḷk- | β > v | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. vilkin | ✧ QL/101 |
βḹka > vḹka | β > v | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. valka | ✧ QL/101 |
βḹke > vḹke | β > v | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. valke | ✧ QL/101 |
βḹke- > vḹke- | β > v | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. valke | ✧ QL/101 |
βḷkin > vḷkin | β > v | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. vilkin | ✧ QL/101 |
βḷte > vḷte | β > v | ᴱ√VḶTḶ > ᴱQ. -vilte | ✧ QL/102 |
βor > vor | β > v | ᴱ√VORO > ᴱQ. vor | ✧ QL/102 |
βōre > vōre | β > v | ᴱ√VŌRI > ᴱQ. vōre | ✧ QL/102 |
βorne > vorne | β > v | ᴱ√VORO > ᴱQ. vorne | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛð- > vṛð- | β > v | ᴱ√VṚDṚ > ᴱQ. vard- | ✧ QL/102 |
βṝða > vṝða | β > v | ᴱ✶vṝđa > ᴱQ. Varda | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛðni > vṛðni | β > v | ᴱ✶vṛ̆đní > ᴱQ. varni | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛka > vṛka | β > v | ᴱ√VṚKṚ > ᴱQ. varka | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛka- > vṛka- | β > v | ᴱ√VṚKṚ > ᴱQ. varkin | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛkʷa > vṛkʷa | β > v | ᴱ√VṚKṚ > ᴱQ. varqa | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛta > vṛta | β > v | ᴱ√vṛt- > ᴱQ. varta | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛtʲ > vṛtʲ | β > v | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. virt | ✧ QL/102 |
βṝtʲa- > vṝtʲa- | β > v | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. vartye | ✧ QL/102 |
βṝtʲane > vṝtʲane | β > v | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. vartyane | ✧ QL/102 |
βṛtʲir > vṛtʲir | β > v | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. virtir | ✧ QL/102 |
βṝtʲo > vṝtʲo | β > v | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. vartyo | ✧ QL/102 |