ᴹ✶[d]

ᴹ✶[d]

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/18, 21, 23, 30, 38, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals dn < tn ✧ PE19/50 (tn > dn)
ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals dm < tm ✧ PE19/50 (tm > dm)
Ilk. voiced stops spirantalized after vowels Vd > Vð ✧ PE19/23 (-d- > -ð-)
Ilk. [dl] became [gl] dl > gl ✧ PE19/21 (dl- > gl-)
ᴹAQ. voiced stops became nasals before nasals dn > nn ✧ PE19/50 (dn > nn)
ᴹAQ. voiced stops became nasals before nasals dm > nm ✧ PE19/50 (dm > nm)
ᴹAQ. initial [dr-], [dl-] became [r-], [l-] dl- > l- ✧ PE19/38 (dl > l; initial)
ᴹAQ. initial [dr-], [dl-] became [r-], [l-] dr- > r- ✧ PE19/38 (dr > r; initial)
ᴹAQ. initial [d] became [l] d- > l- ✧ PE19/38 (d > l; initial)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals nd- > n- ✧ PE19/38 (nd > n; initial)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced after voiceless stops and aspirates kd > kt ✧ PE19/52 (k + d > k + t)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants ds > ts ✧ PE19/50 (d + s > ts)
ᴹ✶[t+t], [d+d] from suffixion became [st], [zd] d+d > zd ✧ PE19/51 (d-d > zd)
ᴹQ. medial [ð] dissimilated to [l] after [r] rVð > rVl ✧ PE19/51 (d > l; occasionally)
ᴹQ. intervocalic [ð] became [r] VðV > VrV ✧ PE19/51 (d > r)

ᴱ✶[d]

References ✧ PE12/15; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels Vd > Vð ✧ PE12/16 (d > z; medial)

ᴱ✶[dʲ] ‹dy›

References ✧ PE12/15

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels Vdʲ > Vðʲ ✧ PE12/16 (d͡y > ẏ; medial)