ᴹ✶[t]

ᴹ✶[t]

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/18, 20-21, 23, 30, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced after voiceless stops and aspirates kt < kd ✧ PE19/52 (k + d > k + t)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants ts < ds ✧ PE19/50 (d + s > ts)
ᴹ✶aspirate became voiceless stop before [s] ts < tʰs ✧ PE19/50 (th + s > ts)
Ilk. initial [s] spirantalized following voiceless stops st- > θ- ✧ PE19/20 (st- > th-)
Ilk. voiceless stops voiced after vowels Vt > Vd ✧ PE19/23 (-t- > -d-)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids tl > lt ✧ PE19/51 (tl > lt)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids tr > rt ✧ PE19/51 (tr > rt)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates ntr > ns ✧ PE19/50 (ntr > ns; rare)
ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals tn > dn ✧ PE19/50 (tn > dn)
ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals tm > dm ✧ PE19/50 (tm > dm)
ᴹ✶[t+t], [d+d] from suffixion became [st], [zd] t+t > st ✧ PE19/51 (t-t > st; older)
ON. voiceless stops became spirants after initial [s] st- > sθ- ✧ PE19/20 (st- > sth-)

ᴱ✶[t]

References ✧ PE12/15, 22-23; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [pp] became [pt] pt < pp ✧ PE12/23 (pp > pt)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] tk > kk ✧ PE12/22 (tk > cc); PE12/22 (tk > cc); PE12/23 ([t] + k > cc (ct))
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] tkʷ > kʷkʷ ✧ PE12/23 ([t] + q > q)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] tp > pp ✧ PE12/22 (tp > pp)

ᴱ✶[tʲ] ‹ty, ky›

References ✧ PE12/15, 22

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] tʲk > kk ✧ PE12/22 (c̑ + k > cc (ct))
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] tʲkʷ > kʷkʷ ✧ PE12/22 (c̑ + q > q)