ᴹAQ. [r], [l] often became syllabic in clusters; [V₁Cḷ|CCr] > [V₁CV₁l|CCar]
References ✧ PE19/39-40, 43-44, 47, 56
Order (01000)
| After | 00700 | [nl], [nr] became [ll], [rr] | ||
| After | 00900 | [rl] and [lr] became [ll] | ||
| Before | 01100 | [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates |
Changes
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| taŋkl > taŋkil | CCl > CCil | ᴹ✶tankla > ᴹQ. tankil | ✧ Ety/TAK |
| taŋkla > taŋkilā | CCl > CCil | ᴹ✶tanklā > ᴹQ. tankila | ✧ PE19/40 |
| kwentrō > kwentarō | CCør > CCar | ᴹ✶kwentrō > ᴹQ. qentaro | ✧ Ety/KWET |
| kwentrō > kwentarō | CCør > CCar | ᴹ✶kwe-n-trō > ᴹQ. qentaro | ✧ PE18/51 |
| kwentrō > kwentarō | CCør > CCar | ᴹ✶kwentrō > ᴹQ. quentaro | ✧ PE19/40 |
| ḷ- > al- | aCCl > aCCal | ᴹ✶lă > ḷ > ᴹQ. al- | ✧ PE19/56 |
| makl > makal | aCCl > aCCal | ᴹ✶maklă > ᴹQ. makal | ✧ PE19/39 |
| taŋkla > taŋkala | aCCl > aCCal | ᴹ✶ta-n-klă > ᴹQ. tankala | ✧ PE18/51 |
| taŋkl > taŋkala | aCCl > aCCal | ᴹ✶tañklă > tañkal(a) > ᴹQ. tañkal | ✧ PE19/40 |
| ḷ- > il- | ḷ > il | ᴹ✶la- > ᴹQ. il | ✧ Ety/LA |
| ḷ- > il- | ḷ > il | ᴹ✶la > lǝ > ḷ > ᴹQ. il | ✧ EtyAC/LA |
| makl > makil | ḷ > il | ᴹ✶makla > ᴹQ. makil | ✧ Ety/MAK |
| tekl > tekil | ḷ > il | ᴹ✶tekla > ᴹQ. tekil | ✧ Ety/TEK |
ᴱQ. short syllabic [ḷ] became [il], or [ul] before labials; [ḷ|ḷ{pbɸmw}|ḷCʷ] > [il|ul{pbɸmw}|ulCʷ]
Reference ✧ PE12/11
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE12/10 (ḷ short + k > il); PE12/10 (ḷ short + k̑ > il); PE12/10 (ḷ short + t > il) |
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✧ PE12/10 (ḷ short + p > ul) |
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✧ PE12/10 (ḷ short + q > ul) |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| etḷ > etḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√ETE > ᴱQ. etl | ✧ QL/36 |
| kakḷ > kakḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√KAKA > ᴱQ. katl | ✧ QL/44 |
| kṇtḷ > kṇtḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√KᴬNTᴬN > ᴱQ. kantl | ✧ QL/45 |
| kʷetḷ > kʷetḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√QETE > ᴱQ. qetl | ✧ QL/77 |
| kʷinðḷ > kʷinðḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√QIŘI > ᴱQ. qindl | ✧ QL/77 |
| kʷintḷ > kʷintḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√QINI > ᴱQ. qintl | ✧ QL/77 |
| lipḷ > lipḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√LIPI > ᴱQ. litl | ✧ QL/54 |
| lukḷ > lukḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√LUKU > ᴱQ. lutl | ✧ QL/56 |
| matḷ > matḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√MATA > ᴱQ. matl | ✧ QL/59 |
| maxntḷ > maxntḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√MAHA > ᴱQ. mantl | ✧ QL/57 |
| mekḷ > mekḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√MEKE > ᴱQ. metl | ✧ QL/60 |
| nʲatḷ > nʲatḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√NYATA > ᴱQ. nyatl | ✧ QL/68 |
| papḷ > papḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√PAPA > ᴱQ. patl | ✧ QL/72 |
| petḷ > petḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√PETE > ᴱQ. petl | ✧ QL/73 |
| puntḷ > puntḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√PU(HU) > ᴱQ. puntl | ✧ QL/75 |
| rotḷ > rotḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√ROTO > ᴱQ. rotl | ✧ QL/80 |
| sakḷ > sakḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√SAKA > ᴱQ. satl | ✧ QL/81 |
| sukḷ > sukḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√SUKU > ᴱQ. sutl | ✧ QL/87 |
| tentḷ > tentḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√TENE > ᴱQ. tentl | ✧ QL/91 |
| tetḷ > tetḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√TETE > ᴱQ. tetl | ✧ QL/92 |
| tṇtḷ > tṇtḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√TṆTṆ > ᴱQ. tantl | ✧ QL/93 |
| tompḷ > tompḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√TOMPO > ᴱQ. tontl | ✧ QL/94 |
| tʲetḷ > tʲetḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√TYETE > ᴱQ. tyetl | ✧ QL/50 |
| xepḷ > xepḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√HEPE > ᴱQ. hetl | ✧ QL/40 |
| ɸantḷ > ɸantḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√FANA > ᴱQ. fantl | ✧ QL/37 |
| ɸinðḷ > ɸinðḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√FIŘI > ᴱQ. findl | ✧ QL/38 |
| βaxnḷ > βaxnḷ | -Cḷ > -Cḷ | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vandl | ✧ LT1A/Qalvanda |
| ḷ- > il- | ḷ > il | ᴱ✶ḷ- > ᴱQ. i(l)- | ✧ QL/41 |
| ḷk- > ilk- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√(I)ḶK > ᴱQ. ilkin- | ✧ QL/42 |
| ḷkala > ilkala | ḷ > il | ᴱ✶ḷkălā́ > ilkắla > ᴱQ. ilcála | ✧ PE12/4 |
| ḷke > ilke | ḷ > il | ᴱ√(I)ḶK > ᴱQ. ilke | ✧ QL/42 |
| ḷt > ilt | ḷ > il | ᴱ√ᴵLTᴵL > ᴱQ. ilt | ✧ QL/42 |
| ḷt- > ilt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√ᴵLTᴵL > ᴱQ. iltin | ✧ QL/42 |
| kḷk- > kilk- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√KḶKḶ > ᴱQ. kilkin | ✧ QL/47 |
| kḷt- > kilt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√KLTL > ᴱQ. kiltin | ✧ QL/47 |
| kḷt > kilt | ḷ > il | ᴱ√KLTL > ᴱQ. kilt | ✧ QL/47 |
| kʷḷð- > kʷilð- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√QḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. qildi- | ✧ QL/78 |
| kʷḷðe > kʷilðe | ḷ > il | ᴱ√QḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. qilde | ✧ QL/78 |
| kʷḷt- > kʷilt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√QḶTḶ > ᴱQ. qilti- | ✧ QL/78 |
| kʷḷta > kʷilta | ḷ > il | ᴱ√QḶTḶ > ᴱQ. qilta | ✧ QL/78 |
| lḷt- > lilt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ✶lḷt > ᴱQ. lilte | ✧ PE14/58 |
| lḷt- > lilt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√LḶTḶ > ᴱQ. lilt- | ✧ QL/55 |
| lḷt > lilt | ḷ > il | ᴱ√LḶTḶ > ᴱQ. lilt | ✧ QL/55 |
| mḷdðʲ > mildðʲ | ḷ > il | ᴱ√MLŘL > mldẏǝ > ᴱQ. mildi | ✧ QL/62 |
| mḷð- > milð- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√MLŘL > ᴱQ. mild- | ✧ QL/62 |
| mḷk- > milk- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√MḶKḶ > ᴱQ. milk- | ✧ QL/62 |
| mḷkin > milkin | ḷ > il | ᴱ√MḶKḶ > ᴱQ. milkin | ✧ QL/62 |
| pḷtʲ > piltʲ | ḷ > il | ᴱ√PḶT͡YḶ > ᴱQ. pilt | ✧ QL/74 |
| pḷtʲ- > pḷtʲ- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√PḶT͡YḶ > ᴱQ. pilty- | ✧ QL/74 |
| sḷk- > silk- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√SḶKḶ¹ > ᴱQ. silki- | ✧ QL/84 |
| sḷka > silka | ḷ > il | ᴱ√SḶKḶ² > ᴱQ. silka | ✧ QL/86 |
| sḷkʷe > silkʷe | ḷ > il | ᴱ√SḶKḶ² > ᴱQ. silqe | ✧ QL/86 |
| sḷt- > silt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ✶sḷt- > ᴱQ. silte | ✧ PE14/58 |
| sḷt- > silt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√SḶTḶ > ᴱQ. silt- | ✧ QL/84 |
| sḷta > silta | ḷ > il | ᴱ√SḶTḶ > ᴱQ. silta | ✧ QL/84 |
| tḷd- > tild- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√TḶDḶ > ᴱQ. tildir | ✧ QL/93 |
| tḷt- > tilt- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√TḶTḶ > ᴱQ. tilt- | ✧ QL/93 |
| tḷta > tilta | ḷ > il | ᴱ✶tḷtā́ > ᴱQ. tilta | ✧ PE13/165 |
| θḷða > θilða | ḷ > il | ᴱ√ÞḶÐḶ > ᴱQ. silda | ✧ QL/84 |
| vḷð- > vilð- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. vildin | ✧ QL/102 |
| vḷð > vilð | ḷ > il | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. vil(d) | ✧ QL/102 |
| vḷk- > vilk- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. vilkin | ✧ QL/101 |
| vḷkin > vilkin | ḷ > il | ᴱ√VḶKḶ > ᴱQ. vilkin | ✧ QL/101 |
| vḷte > vilte | ḷ > il | ᴱ√VḶTḶ > ᴱQ. -vilte | ✧ QL/102 |
| xḷk- > xilk- | ḷ > il | ᴱ√HḶKḶ > ᴱQ. hilkin | ✧ QL/39 |
| ḷb- > ulb- | ḷb > ulb | ᴱ✶ḷ- > ᴱQ. UL- | ✧ QL/97 |
| pḷkʷe > pulkʷe | ḷkʷ > ulkʷ | ᴱ√PḶQḶ > ᴱQ. pulqe | ✧ QL/74 |
| ḷkʷ- > ulkʷ- | ḷkʷ > ulkʷ | ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ > ᴱQ. ulqin | ✧ QL/97 |
| ḷma > ulma | ḷm > ulm | ᴱ✶ḷma > ᴱQ. ulma | ✧ QL/97 |
| kḷp- > kulp- | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√KLPL > ᴱQ. kulpin | ✧ QL/47 |
| sḷp > sulp | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√SḶPḶ > ᴱQ. sult | ✧ QL/84 |
| sḷp- > sulp- | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ✶slq- > ᴱQ. sulpe | ✧ PE13/149 |
| sḷp- > sulp- | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ✶sḷp > ᴱQ. sulpe | ✧ PE14/58 |
| sḷp- > sulp- | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√SḶPḶ > ᴱQ. sulp- | ✧ QL/84 |
| sḷpa > sulpa | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√SḶPḶ > ᴱQ. sulpa | ✧ QL/84 |
| tḷp > tulp | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√TḶPḶ > ᴱQ. tult | ✧ QL/93 |
| tḷp- > tulp- | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√TḶPḶ > ᴱQ. tulpu- | ✧ QL/93 |
| tḷpo > tulpo | ḷp > ulp | ᴱ√TḶPḶ > ᴱQ. tulpo | ✧ QL/93 |
| ḷɸ- > ulɸ- | ḷɸ > ulɸ | ᴱ✶ḷ > ᴱQ. ul- | ✧ QL/97 |
ᴱQ. short syllabic [ṛ] became [ar], [ir] before palatalized consonants or [ur] after [w] and [kʷ]; [ṛ|ṛCʲ|wṛ] > [ar|irCʲ|ur]
Reference ✧ PE12/11
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE12/10 (ṛ short + q > ar); PE12/10 (ṛ short + k > ar); PE12/10 (ṛ short + t > ar); PE12/10 (ṛ short + p > ar) |
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✧ PE12/10 (ṛ short + k̑ > ir) |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| kʷṛðu > kurðu | kʷṛ > kur | ᴱ√qṛđ > ᴱQ. kurdu | ✧ GL/28 |
| wṛðu > urðu | wṛ > ur | ᴱ√GWṚÐR > ᴱQ. urdu | ✧ QL/104 |
| wṛθu > urθu | wṛ > ur | ᴱ✶gu̯rþū́ > ᴱQ. urdu | ✧ GL/43 |
| ambṛta > ambarta | ṛ > ar | ᴱ✶(a)mbrtá > ᴱQ. ambarta | ✧ PE13/137 |
| ambṛta > ambarta | ṛ > ar | ᴱ✶a-mbṛtá > ᴱQ. ambarta | ✧ PE13/159 |
| ṛm- > arm- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√‘ṚMṚ > ᴱQ. arm- | ✧ QL/32 |
| ṛma > arma | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√‘ṚMṚ > ᴱQ. arma | ✧ QL/32 |
| gṛgo > gargo | ṛ > ar | ᴱ✶grgu- > ᴱQ. karko | ✧ PE13/144 |
| gṛθa- > garθa- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√gṛþ- > ᴱQ. karda | ✧ GL/42 |
| kṛka > karka | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√KṚKṚ > ᴱQ. karka | ✧ QL/48 |
| kṛne > karne | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√KṚN > [kṛn]ı̯ǝ > ᴱQ. karne | ✧ QL/48 |
| kṛp- > karp- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ✶kṛp- > ᴱQ. karpe | ✧ PE14/58 |
| kṛp > karp | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√KᴬRPᴬR > ᴱQ. kart | ✧ QL/45 |
| kṛpale > karpale | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√KᴬRPᴬR > ᴱQ. karpale | ✧ QL/45 |
| kṛpalima > karpalima | ṛ > ar | ᴱ✶kṛ̹pa̜lima > ᴱQ. ka̜rpa̹lima | ✧ PE12/6 |
| kṛpan > karpan | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√KᴬRPᴬR > ᴱQ. karpan | ✧ QL/45 |
| mṛð > marð | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√MṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. mar | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛð- > marð- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√MṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. mard- | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛðma > marðma | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√MṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. marma | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛk > mark | ṛ > ar | ‽ᴱ√MṚKṚ > ᴱQ. mark | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛkwa > markwa | ṛ > ar | ‽ᴱ√MṚKṚ > ᴱQ. marqa | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛt > mart | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√MṚTṚ > ᴱQ. mart | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛt- > mart- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√MṚTṚ > ᴱQ. mart- | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛta- > marta- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√M(B)ṚTṚ > ᴱQ. marta- | ✧ QL/63 |
| mṛto > marto | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√MṚTṚ > ᴱQ. marto | ✧ QL/63 |
| nṛkʷa > narkʷa | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚQṚ > ᴱQ. narqa | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛkʷa- > narkʷa- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚQṚ > ᴱQ. narqa- | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛkʷele > narkʷele | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚQṚ > ᴱQ. narqele | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛθ > narθ | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. nar | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛθa- > narθa- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. narda- | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛθi > narθi | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. Nardi | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛθile > narθile | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. nardile | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛθwa > narθwa | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. narwa | ✧ QL/68 |
| nṛθwe > narθwe | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. narwe | ✧ QL/68 |
| sṛko > sarko | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√SṚKṚ > ᴱQ. sarko | ✧ QL/86 |
| sṛkʷa > sarkʷa | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√SṚKṚ > ᴱQ. sarqa | ✧ QL/86 |
| tṛka > tarka | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√tṛk > ᴱQ. tarka | ✧ GL/69 |
| tṛka > tarka | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√TṚKṚ > ᴱQ. tarka | ✧ QL/94 |
| tṛkʷa- > tarkʷa- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√TṚQṚ > ᴱQ. tarqa- | ✧ QL/94 |
| vṛð- > varð- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√VṚDṚ > ᴱQ. vard- | ✧ QL/102 |
| vṛðni > varðni | ṛ > ar | ᴱ✶vṛ̆đní > ᴱQ. varni | ✧ QL/102 |
| vṛka > varka | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√VṚKṚ > ᴱQ. varka | ✧ QL/102 |
| vṛka- > varka- | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√VṚKṚ > ᴱQ. varkin | ✧ QL/102 |
| vṛkʷa > varkʷa | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√VṚKṚ > ᴱQ. varqa | ✧ QL/102 |
| vṛta > varta | ṛ > ar | ᴱ√vṛt- > ᴱQ. varta | ✧ QL/102 |
| ṛtʲ > irtʲ | ṛCʲ > irCʲ | ᴱ√ᴵRTYᴵR > ᴱQ. irt | ✧ QL/43 |
| ṛtʲin > irtʲin | ṛCʲ > irCʲ | ᴱ√ᴵRTYᴵR > ᴱQ. irtin | ✧ QL/43 |
| tṛtʲ > tirtʲ | ṛCʲ > irCʲ | ᴱ√TṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. tirt | ✧ QL/94 |
| tṛtʲ- > tirtʲ- | ṛCʲ > irCʲ | ᴱ√TṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. tirty- | ✧ QL/94 |
| vṛtʲ > virtʲ | ṛCʲ > irCʲ | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. virt | ✧ QL/102 |
| vṛtʲir > virtʲir | ṛCʲ > irCʲ | ᴱ√VṚT͡YṚ > ᴱQ. virtir | ✧ QL/102 |