✶[n]

✶[n]

References ✧ LotR/1115; PE17/124, 162; PE18/82, 92, 102; PE19/69, 71, 76-77, 81-82, 85, 89, 96, 98-100; PE22/149; VT42/24; VT47/24

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates nt < ŋt ✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > n; before t, th, d); PE19/98 (ñ > n; before dental stop and aspirates); PE19/99 (ñt > nt)
✶[ŋs] became [ns] ns < ŋs ✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > n; before ... s); PE19/82 (ŋs > ns); PE19/99 (ñs > ns)
✶medial nasal plus stop after another consonant became simple nasal -Cn- < -Cnd- ✧ PE19/81 (nd > n; in the second element of compounds)
✶final [m] became [n] -n < -m ✧ VT47/24 (-m > -n)
Vnr > V̄ør ✧ PE17/162 (nr > ¯r)
AQ. [nl], [nr] became [ll], [rr] nl > ll ✧ PE19/98 (nl > ll)
AQ. [nl], [nr] became [ll], [rr] nr > rr ✧ PE19/98 (nr > rr)
AQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after voiceless stops and aspirates pn > pt ✧ PE19/85 (pn > pʰň > pʰt)
AQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after voiceless stops and aspirates tn > tt ✧ PE19/85 (tn > tʰň > tt)
AQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after voiceless stops and aspirates kn > kt ✧ PE19/85 (kn > kʰň > kʰt)
AQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates ntʰ > ttʰ ✧ PE19/89 (nth > *tth > tt)
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality ṇd- > and- ✧ PE17/124 (ṇ > an); PE19/77 (*ṇd- > *and-)
AQ. [ln] became [ld] ln > ld ✧ PE19/100 (ln > ld)
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals mp- > p- ✧ PE18/92 (nt > t-)
AT. [ln] became [ll] ln > ll ✧ PE19/100 (ln > ll)
OS. initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ] ṇ- > an- ✧ PE17/124 (ṇ > an-)
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates np > mp ✧ PE18/102 (n > m; before p, ph, b); PE19/98 (n > m; before labial stop and aspirates)
✶medial nasal plus stop after another consonant became simple nasal -Cnd- > -Cn- ✧ PE19/81 (nd > n; in the second element of compounds)
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates nk > ŋk ✧ PE18/102 (n > ŋ; before k, kh, g, ʒ); PE19/98 (n > ñ; before k, kh, g)
✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg] ŋŋ > ŋg ✧ PE22/149 (-nŋ > ŋŋ > ng); PE22/149 (nŋ > ŋg)
Q. [nm], [ŋm] became [nw], [ŋgw] nm > mm ✧ PE19/96 (nm > mm); PE19/98 (nm > mm)
S. initial nasals vanished before stops nθ- > θ- ✧ PE18/92 (nt > th-)
S. [mb], [nd] became [mm], [nn] nd > nn ✧ LotR/1115 (nd > nn; usually)
T. initial nasalized voiced stops became stops nd- > d- ✧ PE19/76 (nd > d; initially)

ᴹ✶[n]

References ✧ PE18/30, 54, 59; PE19/19-21, 23, 30, 37-38, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹ✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates nt < ŋt ✧ PE18/54 (ŋt, ŋth, ŋd > nt, nth, nd)
Dan. initial nasals vanished before stops nd- > d- ✧ PE19/20 (nd- > d); PE19/20 (nd- > d)
Ilk. initial [s] was lost before consonants sC- > øC- ✧ PE19/21 (sn- > n-)
Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops nd- > d- ✧ PE19/20 (nd- > d, nd)
ᴹAQ. [ns] became [ss] or [nz] ns > ss ✧ PE19/51 (ns > ss)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids nr > rn ✧ PE19/51 (nr > rn)
ᴹAQ. [nl], [nr] became [ll], [rr] nl > ll ✧ PE19/51 (nl > ll)
ᴹAQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after aspirates kʰn > kt ✧ PE19/52 (khn > k + t)
ᴹAQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after aspirates tʰn > tt ✧ PE19/50 (th-n > tt)
ᴹAQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates ntʰ > ttʰ ✧ PE19/50 (nth > tt)
ᴹAQ. [ln] became [ld] ln > ld ✧ PE19/51 (ln > ld); PE19/51 (lny > ldy)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals nt- > t- ✧ PE19/37 (nt > t; initial)
ᴹ✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates mk > ŋk ✧ PE19/50 (n-k > ñk)
ON. initial [s] unvoiced following [m], [n], [j], [w] sn- > n̥- ✧ PE19/21 (sn- > n-)

ᴱ✶[n]

References ✧ PE12/15; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱ✶[nd]

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ nd

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals nd- > n- ✧ PE12/16 (nd > d)
ᴱT. initial nasalized voiced stops became nasals nd- > n- ✧ PE12/16 (nd > n)

ᴱ✶[ndʲ] ‹ndy›

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ ñj

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals ndʲ- > nʲ- ✧ PE12/16 (ñj > dı̯)
ᴱT. initial nasalized voiced stops became nasals ndʲ- > nʲ- ✧ PE12/16 (ñj > nı̯)

ᴱ✶[nʲ] ‹ny, ñ›

References ✧ PE12/15

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development