|
✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw]
|
-ŋgj-
|
< |
-ŋj-
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋy > ŋgy; medially); PE18/104 (ñy > ñgy; medially)
|
|
✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw]
|
-ŋgw-
|
< |
-ŋw-
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋw > ŋgw; medially); PE18/104 (ñw > ñgw; medially)
|
|
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates
|
ŋk
|
< |
nk
|
✧ PE18/102 (n > ŋ; before k, kh, g, ʒ); PE19/98 (n > ñ; before k, kh, g)
|
|
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates
|
ŋk
|
< |
mk
|
✧ PE18/102 (m > ŋ; before k, kh, g)
|
|
✶medial nasal plus stop after another consonant became simple nasal
|
-Cŋ-
|
< |
-Cŋg-
|
✧ PE19/81 (ñg > ñ; in the second element of compounds)
|
|
|
ŋ-
|
> |
ŋg-
|
✧ PE17/60 (ñ- > ñg)
|
|
|
ŋw-
|
> |
m-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñw > m)
|
|
|
ŋgw-
|
> |
m-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñgw > m)
|
|
|
ŋgj-
|
> |
n-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñgy > n)
|
|
|
ŋg-
|
> |
ŋ-
|
✧ PE18/104 (ñg > ñ); PE18/105 (ñg > ñ)
|
|
|
V̄ŋ{rlmn}
|
> |
V̄{rlmn}
|
✧ PE18/103 (ñ > [ø]; before r, l, n, m)
|
|
AQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates
|
ŋkʰ
|
> |
kkʰ
|
✧ PE19/89 (ñkh > *kkh > kk)
|
|
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality
|
ŋ̣g-
|
> |
iŋg-
|
✧ PE17/124 (ŋ̣̃ > iŋ); PE19/77 (*ŋ̣g- > *iŋg-)
|
|
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality
|
ŋ̣gj-
|
> |
iŋgj-
|
✧ PE19/77 (*ŋ̣gj- > *iŋgj-)
|
|
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality
|
ŋ̣gw-
|
> |
uŋgw-
|
✧ PE17/124 ([ŋ̣]gw > uŋ[gw]); PE19/77 (*ŋ̣gw- > *uŋgw-)
|
|
AQ. velars were dentalized before [j]
|
ŋj
|
> |
nj
|
✧ PE19/74 (ñy > ny); PE18/94 (ñy > ny); PE18/105 (ñy > ny)
|
|
AQ. velars were dentalized before [j]
|
ŋgj
|
> |
ndj
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñgy > ny)
|
|
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals
|
ŋg-
|
> |
ŋ-
|
✧ PE19/76 (ñg- > ñ); PE19/76 (ñgy- > ny); PE19/76 (ñgw- > ñw); PE18/105 (ñg > ñ); PE18/105 (ñgw > ñw)
|
|
AT. labialized velars became labials
|
ŋgw
|
> |
mb
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñgw > b); PE18/104 (ñgw > mb)
|
|
AT. labialized velars became labials
|
ŋw-
|
> |
m-
|
✧ PE18/104 (ŋ̃w > m; initially); PE18/105 (ñw > m); PE18/104 (ñw > m)
|
|
Ilk. initial [ŋ], [ɣ] became [g]
|
ŋ-
|
> |
g-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñ > ñg > g); PE18/105 (ñw > ñgw > gw)
|
|
Ilk. [j] was lost after initial velars and dentals
|
gj-
|
> |
g-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñy > ñg(y) > g); PE18/105 (ñgy > g)
|
|
Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops
|
ŋg-
|
> |
g-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñg > g); PE18/105 (ñgw > gw)
|
|
ON. initial and intervocalic [ŋ] vanished
|
ŋ-
|
> |
ø-
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñ > [ø]); PE18/105 (ñy > y, ı̯); PE18/104 (ñy > y); PE18/104 (ŋ̃ > [ø]; initially)
|
|
OS. [j] was lost after initial velars
|
ŋgj
|
> |
ŋg
|
✧ PE18/105 (ñgy > g)
|
|
OS. initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ]
|
ŋ̣-
|
> |
aŋ-
|
✧ PE17/124 (ŋ̣̃ > ang-)
|
|
✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg]
|
ŋŋ
|
> |
ŋg
|
✧ PE18/91 (ŋŋ > ŋg); PE18/104 (ññ > ñg); PE19/96 (ññ > ñg); PE22/149 (ŋŋ > ng); PE22/149 (ŋŋ > ŋg)
|
|
✶medial [ŋ] usually became [ɣ]
|
VŋV
|
> |
VɣV
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > ʒ); PE19/72 (ñ > ʒ; denasalized medially between vowels); PE19/95 (ñ > ʒ; between vowels or before r, l)
|
|
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates
|
ŋp
|
> |
mp
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > m; before p, ph, b); PE19/98 (ñ > m; before labial stop and aspirates)
|
|
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates
|
ŋt
|
> |
nt
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > n; before t, th, d); PE19/98 (ñ > n; before dental stop and aspirates); PE19/99 (ñt > nt)
|
|
✶[ŋs] became [ns]
|
ŋs
|
> |
ns
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > n; before ... s); PE19/82 (ŋs > ns); PE19/99 (ñs > ns); PE18/104 (ñs > ns)
|
|
✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw]
|
-ŋj-
|
> |
-ŋgj-
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋy > ŋgy; medially); PE18/104 (ñy > ñgy; medially)
|
|
✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw]
|
-ŋw-
|
> |
-ŋgw-
|
✧ PE18/102 (ŋw > ŋgw; medially); PE18/104 (ñw > ñgw; medially)
|
|
✶medial nasal plus stop after another consonant became simple nasal
|
-Cŋg-
|
> |
-Cŋ-
|
✧ PE19/81 (ñg > ñ; in the second element of compounds)
|
|
Q. medial [ŋ] after a [n], [ŋ], [l], [r] became [g]
|
-{nŋlr}ŋ-
|
> |
-{nŋlr}g-
|
✧ PE19/81 (ñ > g)
|
|
Q. [ŋ] assimilated to following [n] after [e], [a], [o]
|
aŋn
|
> |
ann
|
✧ PE22/149 (ŋn > nn; later)
|
|
S. initial nasals vanished before stops
|
ŋg-
|
> |
g-
|
✧ PE17/169 (ŋ > ʒ > g); PE18/105 (ñg > g)
|
|
S. initial nasals vanished before stops
|
ŋx-
|
> |
x-
|
✧ PE18/92 (ŋk > h-)
|
|
S. [ŋ] vanished with compensatory lengthening
|
Vŋn
|
> |
V̄n
|
✧ PE22/149 (ŋn > ŋn > ¯n)
|
|
S. [ŋ] vanished with compensatory lengthening
|
Vŋw
|
> |
V̄w
|
✧ PE17/44 (ñm > ¯w)
|
|
T. initial nasalized voiced stops became stops
|
ŋg-
|
> |
g-
|
✧ PE19/76 (ñg > g; initially)
|
|
T. palatalized velars became dentals
|
ŋj-
|
> |
n-
|
✧ PE18/103 (ñy > n; initially); PE18/105 (ñy > n)
|
|
T. palatalized velars became dentals
|
ŋgj-
|
> |
nd-
|
✧ PE18/104 (ñgy > n)
|
|
T. initial [ŋ] vanishes
|
ŋ-
|
> |
ø-
|
✧ PE17/60 (ñ- > [ø])
|