ᴹQ. spirants became stops after [r], [l]; [{rl}{ðβ}] > [{rl}{dw}]
References ✧ PE19/31, 44
Order (00700)
| After | 02000 | ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless spirants | ||
| After | 03000 | ᴹAQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals and liquids | ||
| Before | 01000 | [ɣ] from [g] vanished | ||
| Before | 03600 | [d] vanished between [n], [r], [l] and [j] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
Phonetic Rule Examples
| melðo > meldo | lð > ld | ᴹ√MEL > ᴹQ. meldo | ✧ EtyAC/MEL |
| ɣolβā > ɣolwā | lβ > lw | ᴹ✶golbā > ᴹQ. olwa | ✧ Ety/GÓLOB |
ᴱQ. voiced spirants becames stops after liquids, nasals and [z]; [{lrmnŋz}{βððʲɣɣʷ}] > [{lrmnŋz}{bddʲggʷ}]
References ✧ PE12/19, 24
Order ()
| After | [s] became [z] before nasals and voiced spirants | |||
| After | voiceless spirants voiced after liquids | |||
| Before | [dʲ] became [j] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (lƀ > lb) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (rƀ > rb) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (mƀ > mb) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (zƀ > rb) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/19 (lđ > ld); PE12/24 (lđ > ld) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/19 (rđ > rd); PE12/24 (rđ > rd) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (nđ > nd) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (zđ > rd) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (lɣ > lg) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (rɣ > rg) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (ŋɣ > ng) |
|
|
> |
|
✧ PE12/24 (zɣ > rg) |
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
Phonetic Rule Examples
| kʷalðe- > kʷalde- | lð > ld | ᴱ√QḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. qalde | ✧ QL/78 |
| kʷilð- > kʷild- | lð > ld | ᴱ√QḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. qildi- | ✧ QL/78 |
| kʷilðe > kʷilde | lð > ld | ᴱ√QḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. qilde | ✧ QL/78 |
| malð- > mald- | lð > ld | ᴱ√MLŘL > ᴱQ. mald- | ✧ QL/62 |
| malða > malda | lð > ld | ᴱ√MLŘL > ᴱQ. malda | ✧ QL/62 |
| malðe- > malde- | lð > ld | ᴱ√MLŘL > ᴱQ. malde | ✧ QL/62 |
| malðe- > malde- | lð > ld | ᴱ√MLŘL > ᴱQ. malde | ✧ QL/62 |
| milð- > mild- | lð > ld | ᴱ√MLŘL > ᴱQ. mild- | ✧ QL/62 |
| nalð > nald | lð > ld | ᴱ√nḷřḷ > ᴱQ. nal | ✧ QL/66 |
| nalða > nalda | lð > ld | ᴱ√nḷřḷ > ᴱQ. nalda | ✧ QL/66 |
| nalðle > naldle | lð > ld | ᴱ✶nḷdle > ᴱQ. nalle | ✧ QL/66 |
| θilða > θilda | lð > ld | ᴱ√ÞḶÐḶ > ᴱQ. silda | ✧ QL/84 |
| vilð- > vild- | lð > ld | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. vildin | ✧ QL/102 |
| vilð > vild | lð > ld | ᴱ√VḶŘḶ > ᴱQ. vil(d) | ✧ QL/102 |
| xilðe > xilde | lð > ld | ᴱ✶χilþē > ᴱQ. hilde | ✧ GL/49 |
| lɣu > lgu | lɣ > lg | ᴱ✶liquids + x͡w + ū̯̆ > ᴱQ. lgu | ✧ PE12/18 |
| elβen > elwen | lβ > lw | ᴱ√LEFE > ᴱQ. Elwen | ✧ QL/35 |
| elβen > elwen | lβ > lw | ‽ᴱ√LEFE > ᴱQ. elwen | ✧ QL/52 |
| amβe- > ambe- | mβ > mb | ᴱ√AVA > ᴱQ. ambe | ✧ QL/33 |
| amβus > ambus | mβ > mb | ᴹ✶amƀus- > ᴹQ. ambor | ✧ PE21/33 |
| famβa > famba | mβ > mb | ᴱ√FAɃA > ᴱQ. famba | ✧ QL/36 |
| famβo > fambo | mβ > mb | ᴱ√FAɃA > ᴱQ. fambo | ✧ QL/37 |
| gʷemβe > gʷembe | mβ > mb | ᴱ√GWEVE > ᴱQ. ’wembe | ✧ QL/103 |
| gʷemβil > gʷembil | mβ > mb | ᴱ√GWEVE > ᴱQ. ’wembil | ✧ QL/103 |
| kamβo > kambo | mβ > mb | ᴱ√KAVA > ᴱQ. kambo | ✧ QL/45 |
| lamβe > lambe | mβ > mb | ᴱ√LAVA > ᴱQ. lambe | ✧ QL/52 |
| lumβo > lumbo | mβ > mb | ᴱ√LUVU > ᴱQ. lumbo | ✧ QL/57 |
| ramβe > rambe | mβ > mb | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. rambe² | ✧ QL/79 |
| temβe- > tembe- | mβ > mb | ᴱ√TEFE > ᴱQ. tembe | ✧ QL/90 |
| alanða > alanda | nð > nd | ᴱ√lařa > ᴱQ. alanda | ✧ QL/34 |
| anðe > ande | nð > nd | ᴱ√NÐN > yǝ > ᴱQ. ande | ✧ QL/31 |
| bonðo > bondo | nð > nd | ᴱ√BOÐO > ᴱQ. pondo | ✧ QL/75 |
| finðḷ > findḷ | nð > nd | ᴱ√FIŘI > ᴱQ. findl | ✧ QL/38 |
| gʷenða > gʷenda | nð > nd | ᴱ√GWEÐE > ᴱQ. ’wenda | ✧ QL/103 |
| gʷinða > gʷinda | nð > nd | ᴱ√GWIÐI > ᴱQ. ’winda | ✧ QL/103 |
| inðo > indo | nð > nd | ᴱ√IŘI > ᴱQ. indo | ✧ QL/43 |
| janða > janda | nð > nd | ᴱ√YAÐA > ᴱQ. yanda | ✧ QL/105 |
| kanða- > kanda- | nð > nd | ᴱ√KṆŘṆ > ᴱQ. kanda- | ✧ QL/47 |
| kanðōra > kandōra | nð > nd | ᴱ√KṆŘṆ > ᴱQ. kandōra | ✧ PME/47 |
| kanðōra > kandōra | nð > nd | ᴱ√KṆŘṆ > ᴱQ. kandōra | ✧ QL/47 |
| kanðwa > kandwa | nð > nd | ᴱ√KṆŘṆ > ᴱQ. kanwa | ✧ QL/47 |
| kinða > kinda | nð > nd | ᴱ√KIŘI > ᴱQ. kinda | ✧ QL/47 |
| kunða > kunda | nð > nd | ᴱ√KUŘU > ᴱQ. kunda | ✧ QL/49 |
| kʷinðḷ > kʷindḷ | nð > nd | ᴱ√QIŘI > ᴱQ. qindl | ✧ QL/77 |
| kʷonða > kʷonda | nð > nd | ᴱ√QOŘO > ᴱQ. qonda | ✧ QL/78 |
| lanða > landa | nð > nd | ᴱ√LAŘA > ᴱQ. landa | ✧ QL/51 |
| linð > lind | nð > nd | ᴱ√LIŘI > ᴱQ. lin | ✧ PME/54 |
| linð > lind | nð > nd | ᴱ√LIŘI > ᴱQ. lin¹ | ✧ QL/54 |
| linðe- > linde- | nð > nd | ᴱ√LIŘI > ᴱQ. linde | ✧ QL/54 |
| lonð > lond | nð > nd | ᴱ√LOŘO > ᴱQ. lon | ✧ QL/56 |
| lonða- > londa- | nð > nd | ᴱ√LOŘO > ᴱQ. londa- | ✧ QL/56 |
| manða- > manda- | nð > nd | ᴱ√NGWAÐA > ᴱQ. manda- | ✧ QL/60 |
| manðor > mandor | nð > nd | ᴱ√mᵇṇřṇ > ᴱQ. mandor | ✧ PME/58 |
| manðost > mandost | nð > nd | ᴱ√Mᵇ(A)NÐ(A)N > ᴱQ. Mandos | ✧ QL/58 |
| manðu > mandu | nð > nd | ᴱ√Mᵇ(A)NÐ(A)N > ᴱQ. -MANDU | ✧ QL/58 |
| nanð > nand | nð > nd | ᴱ√NAŘA > ᴱQ. nan | ✧ QL/64 |
| nenð > nend | nð > nd | ᴱ√NEŘE > ᴱQ. nen | ✧ QL/66 |
| nenðo > nendo | nð > nd | ᴱ√NEŘE > ᴱQ. nendo | ✧ QL/66 |
| nʲanða > nʲanda | nð > nd | ᴱ√NYAŘA > ᴱQ. nyanda | ✧ QL/68 |
| ranða > randa | nð > nd | ᴱ√RAŘA > ᴱQ. randa | ✧ QL/79 |
| renða > renda | nð > nd | ᴱ√reðe > ᴱQ. renda | ✧ QL/79 |
| renði > rendi | nð > nd | ᴱ√reðe > ᴱQ. rendi | ✧ QL/79 |
| sinði > sindi | nð > nd | ᴱ√SIŘI > ᴱQ. sindi | ✧ QL/84 |
| sonða > sonda | nð > nd | ᴱ√SOŘO > ᴱQ. sonda | ✧ QL/85 |
| sonða > sonda | nð > nd | ᴱ√SOŘO > ᴱQ. sonda | ✧ QL/86 |
| tanða > tanda | nð > nd | ᴱ√TAÐA > ᴱQ. tanda | ✧ QL/87 |
| tinða > tinda | nð > nd | ᴱ√TIŘI > ᴱQ. tinda | ✧ QL/93 |
| tinðe > tinde | nð > nd | ᴱ√TIŘI > ᴱQ. tinde | ✧ QL/93 |
| tunða- > tunda- | nð > nd | ᴱ√TUŘU > ᴱQ. tunda- | ✧ QL/96 |
| tunðo > tundo | nð > nd | ᴱ√TUŘU > ᴱQ. tundo | ✧ QL/96 |
| θʲanða > θʲanda | nð > nd | ᴱ√HYAŘA > ᴱQ. hyanda | ✧ QL/41 |
| θʲanða- > θʲanda- | nð > nd | ᴱ√χ̑ṇđ > ᴱQ. hyanda- | ✧ GL/48 |
| winðele > windele | nð > nd | ᴱ√GWIÐI > ᴱQ. ’windele | ✧ QL/103 |
| ɸanðelu > ɸandelu | nð > nd | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fandelu | ✧ QL/38 |
| ɸanðo > ɸando | nð > nd | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fando | ✧ QL/38 |
| ɸanðos > ɸandos | nð > nd | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fandor | ✧ QL/38 |
| ɸanðoss > ɸandoss | nð > nd | ᴱ√FṆÐṆ > ᴱQ. fandos | ✧ QL/38 |
| arða > arða | rð > rd | ᴱ√ƷARA > ᴱQ. arda | ✧ QL/32 |
| karða- > karda- | rð > rd | ᴱ√gṛþ- > ᴱQ. karda | ✧ GL/42 |
| korða > korda | rð > rd | ᴱ√KOŘO¹ > ᴱQ. korda | ✧ QL/48 |
| korðon > kordon | rð > rd | ᴱ√KOŘO¹ > ᴱQ. kordon | ✧ QL/48 |
| kurðu > kurdu | rð > rd | ᴱ√qṛđ > ᴱQ. kurdu | ✧ GL/28 |
| kʷarða > kʷarda | rð > rd | ᴱ√QṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. qarda | ✧ QL/78 |
| kʷarðka > kʷardka | rð > rd | ᴱ√QṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. qarka | ✧ QL/78 |
| marð > mard | rð > rd | ᴱ√MṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. mar | ✧ QL/63 |
| marð- > mard- | rð > rd | ᴱ√MṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. mard- | ✧ QL/63 |
| marðma > mardma | rð > rd | ᴱ√MṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. marma | ✧ QL/63 |
| narð > nard | rð > rd | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. nar | ✧ QL/68 |
| narða- > narda- | rð > rd | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. narda- | ✧ QL/68 |
| narði > nardi | rð > rd | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. Nardi | ✧ QL/68 |
| narðile > nardile | rð > rd | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. nardile | ✧ QL/68 |
| narðwa > nardwa | rð > rd | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. narwa | ✧ QL/68 |
| narðwe > nardwe | rð > rd | ᴱ√NṚŘṚ > ᴱQ. narwe | ✧ QL/68 |
| nʲarð > nʲard | rð > rd | ᴱ√NYAŘA > ᴱQ. nyar | ✧ QL/68 |
| urðu > urdu | rð > rd | ᴱ✶gu̯rþū́ > ᴱQ. urdu | ✧ GL/43 |
| urðu > urdu | rð > rd | ᴱ√GWṚÐR > ᴱQ. urdu | ✧ QL/104 |
| varð- > vard- | rð > rd | ᴱ√VṚDṚ > ᴱQ. vard- | ✧ QL/102 |
| varða > varda | rð > rd | ᴱ✶vṝđa > ᴱQ. Varda | ✧ QL/102 |
| varðni > vardni | rð > rd | ᴱ✶vṛ̆đní > ᴱQ. varni | ✧ QL/102 |
| warða > warda | rð > rd | ᴱ✶gu̯r̄́þa > ᴱQ. warda | ✧ GL/44 |
| warða > warda | rð > rd | ᴱ√GWṚÐR > ᴱQ. warda | ✧ QL/104 |
| warða- > warda- | rð > rd | ᴱ√GWṚÐR > ᴱQ. ’wardin | ✧ QL/104 |
| rɣu > rgu | rɣ > rg | ᴱ✶liquids + x͡w + ū̯̆ > ᴱQ. rgu | ✧ PE12/18 |
| mizðe > mizde | zð > zd | ᴱ✶mẓđē > ᴱQ. mirde | ✧ PE12/14 |
| ruŋɣwa > ruŋgwa | ŋɣ > ŋg | ᴱ√RU’U > ᴱQ. ‽rungwa | ✧ QL/80 |
| piŋɣʷa > piŋgʷa | ŋɣʷ > ŋgʷ | ᴱ√PIẆI > ᴱQ. pingwa | ✧ QL/74 |