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S. #dag- [nd-] v. “to slay” (Category: to Kill)

S. #dag- [nd-], v. “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill” (Category: to Kill)
G. ecthadra- “to slay, put to the sword”
G. mactha- “to slay, kill”
ᴱN. rhang- “to slay in battle”

A verb meaning “to slay” derived from the root √NDAK, best known from its passive participle dangen as in Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain” (S/197). Tolkien wrote a set of possible past forms aðag, aðanc, aðarch in notes from 1962 (PE17/131), and the verb appeared in its (Noldorin) infinitive form degi “to slay” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NDAK “slay” (Ety/NDAK), along with another couple of (Noldorin) past forms: danc, degant (EtyAC/NDAK). The verb form ᴱN. (n)dag- “to slay” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141), but its present form dág was glossed “kills” and in the contemporaneous Early Noldorin Grammar the form dagion was likewise glossed “I kill” (PE13/130). Thus “slay” and “kill” are both viable translations.

Possible Etymology: In notes from around 1962, Tolkien gave ✶dankĭna as the primitive form of its passive participle dangen, indicating a root √DAK rather than √NDAK, which is also consistent with its nasal mutated plural form on that page: {i dengin >>} i nengin (PE17/133). The 1964 past forms aðag and aðanc also seem to indicate derivation from √DAK (PE17/131). In notes from around 1967, however, Tolkien had the mixed mutated form n(d)engin in the phrase i·m(b)air en N(d)engin, indicating √NDAK, and he consistently gave nac- for the equivalent Quenya forms, so the early 1960s flirtation with √DAK seems to have been a transient idea.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume the root is √NDAK, and hence I’d give it the past form *annanc “slayed” rather than aðanc.

References ✧ PE17/97, 131, 133; SA/dagor

Variations

Changes

Inflections

aðarch ? ✧ PE17/131
denghin nasal-mutation passive-participle ✧ PE17/133
nenghin nasal-mutation passive-participle plural; nd-mutation ✧ PE17/133
dangen passive-participle ✧ PE17/133
aðag past ✧ PE17/131
aðanc past ✧ PE17/131

Element In

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ndak- > #Dag- [ndak-] > [dak-] > [dag-] ✧ SA/dagor

N. dag- [nd-] v. “to slay” (Category: to Kill)

See S. #dag- for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/NDAK; EtyAC/NDAK

Inflections

degi infinitive “to slay” ✧ Ety/NDAK
danc past   ✧ EtyAC/NDAK
degant past   ✧ EtyAC/NDAK

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ON. ndakie > degi [ndakie] > [dakie] > [dekie] > [deki] > [degi] ✧ Ety/NDAK

ᴱN. dag- [nd-] v. “to slay, kill” (Category: to Kill)

See S. #dag- for discussion.

References ✧ PE13/130, 141, 165; PE14/66

Glosses

Variations

Related

Changes

Inflections

dang ?   ✧ PE13/130
dagol active-participle   ✧ PE13/130
di·nengin aorist 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
gindengin aorist 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
gindengion aorist 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
gi·nengion aorist 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
dangu infinitive   ✧ PE13/130
dengwi infinitive   ✧ PE13/130
dunc passive-participle   ✧ PE13/130
dainc past “slew” ✧ PE13/141
ᴱON. dainc past “he slew” ✧ PE14/66
degaint past “he slew” ✧ PE14/66
ᴱON. deinc past “he slew” ✧ PE14/66
dengim past 1st-pl-exclusive   ✧ PE13/130
[deng]int past 1st-pl-inclusive   ✧ PE13/130
dachin past 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130: [not explicitly rejected]
dechin past 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
dengin past 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
dengion past 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
[deng]ist past 2nd-pl   ✧ PE13/130
dengib past 2nd-sg   ✧ PE13/130
[deng]ir past 3rd-pl   ✧ PE13/130
dainc past 3rd-sg   ✧ PE13/130
ding past 3rd-sg   ✧ PE13/130
dengil past active-participle   ✧ PE13/130
dág present “kills” ✧ PE13/141
dagum present 1st-pl-exclusive   ✧ PE13/130
degint present 1st-pl-inclusive   ✧ PE13/130
dagion present 1st-sg “I kill” ✧ PE13/130
dagon present 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
degion present 1st-sg   ✧ PE13/130
degist present 2nd-pl   ✧ PE13/130
degib present 2nd-sg   ✧ PE13/130
dagor present 3rd-pl   ✧ PE13/130
degir present 3rd-pl   ✧ PE13/130
dâg present 3rd-sg   ✧ PE13/130

Element In

Derivations