Neo-Sindarin Semantic Categories
1.
Physical World
- 1.11 World
- 1.12 Universe
- 1.21 Earth, Land
- 1.212 Ground, Soil
- 1.213 Dust, Powder
- 1.214 Mud, Mire
- 1.215 Sand, Grit
- 1.22 Hill, Mountain
- 1.221 Peak, Summit
- 1.222 Slope, Cliff
- 1.223 Mound, Pile
- 1.23 Plain, Field
- 1.24 Dale, Valley
- 1.241 Ravine, Pass
- 1.25 Isle, Island
- 1.27 Shore, Beach
- 1.31 Water
- 1.32 Sea
- 1.33 Lake, Pond
- 1.34 Gulf, Bay
- 1.35 Wave, Surge
- 1.351 Foam, Froth
- 1.352 Splash, Spray
- 1.36 Brook, Stream, River
- 1.37 Spring, Well
- 1.38 Whirlpool
- 1.41 Woods, Forest
- 1.43 Wood, Timber
- 1.44 Rock, Stone
- 1.46 Cave
- 1.51 Sky, Heavens
- 1.52 Sun
- 1.53 Moon
- 1.54 Star
- 1.542 Starlight
- 1.55 Flash, Lightning
- 1.56 Noise, Thunder
- 1.61 Light
- 1.62 Darkness
- 1.622 Dark, Murky
- 1.63 Shade, Shadow
- 1.71 Air, Ether
- 1.72 Wind
- 1.722 Storm
- 1.723 Breeze
- 1.73 Cloud, Mirk
- 1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze
- 1.75 Rain
- 1.752 Rainbow
- 1.76 Snow
- 1.77 Ice, Frost
- 1.772 to Freeze
- 1.78 Weather
- 1.81 Fire
- 1.82 Flame
- 1.83 Smoke
- 1.84 Ashes
- 1.85 to Burn, Scorch
- 1.86 to Light, Kindle
- 1.87 Match, Fire Stick
- 1.99 Physical World (other)
1.11 World
- S., N. amar n. “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”
- ⚠️ᴱN. barth n. “world, earth”; see instead:
- S. amar “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”
- ⚠️ᴱN. blador n. “world”; see instead:
- S. amar “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”
1.12 Universe
- ᴺS. !ilu n. “universe, the whole, cosmos”
1.21 Earth, Land
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^cae n. “earth”; see instead:
- S. ceven “*earth; Earth”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^cefn adj. “of earth, earthen”; see instead:
- N. cevn “of earth, earthen”
- ᴺS. !cevemphast n. “earth quake”
- S. ceven n. “*earth; Earth”
- N. cevn adj. “of earth, earthen”
- ⚠️N. coe n. “earth”; see instead:
- S. ceven “*earth; Earth”
- ⚠️G. -gen suf. “*earth”
- S., N. -ian(d) suf. “-land, country”
- ⚠️G. mar n. “Earth, ground, soil”; see instead:
- S. ceven “*earth; Earth”
- ⚠️G. maragwast n. “earth quake”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !cevemphast “earth quake”
- ⚠️ᴱN. unnor adj. “without a land”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urnor adj. “landless”
1.212 Ground, Soil
- N. cef n. “soil”
- ⚠️G. grosgen n. “soil”; see instead:
- N. cef “soil”
- ⚠️G. groth n. “earth, soil”; see instead:
- N. cef “soil”
- S. groth “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
- ⚠️G. ham n. “ground, level of Earth’s service [surface]”; see instead:
- N. talaf “ground, floor”
- N. talaf n. “ground, floor”
1.213 Dust, Powder
- N. ast n. “dust”
- ᴺS. !athren adj. “dusty”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhith n. “dust”; see instead:
- S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
- N. ast “dust”
- ⚠️G. thith n. “dust”; see instead:
- S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
- N. ast “dust”
- ⚠️G. thithrin adj. “dusty”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !athren “dusty”
- ⚠️ᴱN. yrlhith adj. “dustless”
1.214 Mud, Mire
- S., N. both n. “fen, marsh; [N.] puddle, small pool”
- S., N., G. l(h)ô n. “flood, fenland; ⚠️[G.] pool, lake”
- S. madha n. “mud”
- ᴺS. !madhren adj. “muddy”
- ⚠️G. ôs n. “bog”
- ⚠️G. ûg n. “mud”; see instead:
- S. madha “mud”
- ⚠️G. ûgrin adj. “muddy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !madhren “muddy”
1.215 Sand, Grit
- ⚠️G. armin n. “desert, waste”; see instead:
- N. eru “waste, desert”
- N. eru n. “waste, desert”
- ⚠️G. marol n. “sand”; see instead:
- S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
- ⚠️G. ôr n. “dry sand”; see instead:
- S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
1.22 Hill, Mountain
- S. achad n. “rock ridge, neck (geographically)”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. amon n. “hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; ⚠️[G.] steep slope”
- ⚠️G. môn n. “bare hill, knoll”
- ⚠️G. nog n. “hill, knob, prominence”; see instead:
- N. dolt¹ “round knob, boss”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. orod n. “mountain”
- S. orodben n. “mountaineer, one living in the mountains”
- S. pind n. “crest, ridge”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tain¹ n. “mountain”; see instead:
- N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
- ⚠️N. *tilias n. “?mountain range”; see instead:
- S. #aeglir “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. tûn n. “mound, bare hill”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tund¹ “mound, hill”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^tund¹ n. “mound, hill”
- ⚠️N. tunn n. “hill, mound”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tund¹ “mound, hill”
1.221 Peak, Summit
- ᴺS. [N.] ^aegas n. “mountain peak”
- S. #aeglir n. “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
- ⚠️ᴱN. aiglir n. “peak, mountain top”; see instead:
- S. #aeglir “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dain² n. “height, summit; height, loftiness, sublimity”; see instead:
- N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
- ⚠️G. dorm n. “summit”; see instead:
- N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
- N. egnas n. “sharp point, peak”
- ⚠️N. feleg n. “(animal’s) horn; steep mountain peak”; see instead:
- S. feleg “cave, ⚠️mine, underground dwelling”
- S. min² n. “peak”
- ⚠️N. oegas n. “mountain peak”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aegas “mountain peak”
- ⚠️N. oeglir n. “range of mountain peaks”; see instead:
- S. #aeglir “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
- ⚠️G. orm n. “hill top, summit”; see instead:
- N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
- N. taen¹ n. “height, summit of high mountain”
1.222 Slope, Cliff
- ⚠️N. aclod adj. “sloping, tilted”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^adlod “sloping, tilted”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^adlant adj. “oblique, slanted”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^adlod adj. “sloping, tilted”
- N. amben adj. “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
- ⚠️ᴱN. amvenn adj. and adv. “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”; see instead:
- N. amben “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
- ⚠️ᴱN. amvinn n. “slope, incline, hillside”; see instead:
- S. pind “crest, ridge”
- ⚠️N. atlant adj. “oblique, slanted”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^adlant “oblique, slanted”
- S. avras n. “precipice”
- ⚠️ᴱN. benn adj. “sloping, inclined, slanting, up or down hill”; see instead:
- S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
- ⚠️ᴱN. binn n. “slope, hillside, bank”; see instead:
- S. pind “crest, ridge”
- S. brass n. “great cliff”
- ⚠️G. falchos n. “cliffs”; see instead:
- S. brass “great cliff”
- S. îf n. “cliff, sheer descent”
- ⚠️G. numbros n. “incline, slope”; see instead:
- N. talad “incline, slope”
- ⚠️G. ol n. “cliff, seaward precipice”
- S. *pedh- v. “to incline, slope, ⚠️fall in steep slant”
- S., N. pend n. and adj. “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
- N. pendrath n. “passage up or down slope, stairway”
- N. rhass n. “precipice”
- ⚠️G. rost n. “slope, hill side, ascent”; see instead:
- S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
- S. #rost “rainy”
- N. talad n. “incline, slope”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlad n. “hillside, slope”; see instead:
- N. talad “incline, slope”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tleth adj. “sloping, slanting, leaning”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^adlant “oblique, slanted”
1.223 Mound, Pile
- ⚠️ᴱN. bala n. “round hump, hump, hillock”
- ⚠️G. caum n. “knob”; see instead:
- N. dolt¹ “round knob, boss”
- S., N. cerin n. “circular mound, artificial hill; [N.] round enclosure”
- ⚠️N., ᴱN., G. cum n. “mound, heap, [G.] burial mound”; see instead:
- S. haudh “(funeral) mound, grave, [N.] tomb; [orig.] †heap, piled mound”
- S. amon “hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; ⚠️[G.] steep slope”
- N. gwastar n. “hummock”
- S. mâf n. “pile or mass of rock or earth”
- ᴺS. !tomp adj. “humped, bulging”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tuf n. “lump, knob”; see instead:
- N. tump “hump”
- N. tump n. “hump”
1.23 Plain, Field
- ⚠️ᴱN. balt² n. “a plain”
- ⚠️G. bladwen n. “plain”; see instead:
- S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
- ⚠️S., N., ᴱN. dalath n. “plain, low lying/flat ground; [N.] flat surface, plane; [ᴱN.] vale”; see instead:
- S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
- ⚠️G. eng(a) n. “plain, vale”; see instead:
- S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
- ⚠️G. fladwen n. “meadow, grassland”; see instead:
- S. parth “field, enclosed grassland, sward”
- ⚠️G. glair n. “meadow”; see instead:
- S. glaer “[N.] long lay, narrative poem, ⚠️[S.] tale, song”
- S., G. lad n. “plain, ⚠️valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. ladwen n. “plain, [G.] heath; levelness, flatness; plane; surface”; see instead:
- S. lad “plain, ⚠️valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
- ⚠️G. lais n. “green sward, glade”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pathu “level space, sward”
- ⚠️N. #lhad n. “plain”; see instead:
- S. lad “plain, ⚠️valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
- ⚠️N. lhand n. “open space, level”; see instead:
- S. #land “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
- S., G. ness n. “*headland; [G.] (water) meadow; long grass”
- S. parth n. “field, enclosed grassland, sward”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^pathu n. “level space, sward”
- ⚠️N. pathw n. “level place, sward”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pathu “level space, sward”
- S. sâdh n. “sward, turf”
- S. talath n. “flat lands, plain, vale”
- S. talf n. “wang, flat field, topographical flat area”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. #teloth n. “plain; [G.] roofing, canopy, shelter”; see instead:
- S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
- N. tobas “roofing, roof”
- N. orthelian “canopy”
1.24 Dale, Valley
- ⚠️G. engriol adj. “vale like, of the vale”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !imladren “vale like, of the vale”
- ⚠️G. glith n. “dale, hillslope”; see instead:
- S. nan(d) “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
- S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
- ⚠️G. gobli n. “dell”; see instead:
- S. imlad “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen”
- S., N. †im³ n. “valley; [N.] dell, deep vale”
- S., N. imlad n. “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen”
- ᴺS. !imladren adj. “vale like, of the vale”
- S. imrath n. “long narrow valley with road or watercourse running through it lengthwise, *(lit.) valley course”
- ⚠️G. nal¹ n. “dale, vale”; see instead:
- S. nan(d) “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. nan(d) n. “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. tum n. “(deep) valley, vale; ⚠️[ᴱN.] flat vale”
- ⚠️G. tumli n. “dale”; see instead:
- S. nan(d) “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
- ⚠️G. umbel n. “a dell”; see instead:
- S. imlad “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen”
1.241 Ravine, Pass
- ⚠️N. cîl n. “cleft, pass between hills, gorge”; see instead:
- S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
- S., N. cirith n. “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
- N. dîn n. “opening, gap, pass in mountains”
- ⚠️G. falc n. “cleft, gash; cleft, ravine, cliffs”; see instead:
- S. #falch “[ᴱN.] cleft, ravine”
- S. criss “cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; ⚠️[N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine”
- S. brass “great cliff”
- S., ᴱN. #falch n. “[ᴱN.] cleft, ravine”
- ⚠️G. fôr n. “gulf, gap”; see instead:
- S. iâ “chasm, pit; void, abyss; [N.] gulf”
- S., N. iâ n. “chasm, pit; void, abyss; [N.] gulf”
- ⚠️N. iau² n. “ravine, cleft, gulf”; see instead:
- N. iau¹ “corn, *cereal crop”
- S. imrad n. “path or pass between mountains or trackless forest, *(lit.) valley path”
- ⚠️N. lhonn n. “(narrow) path, strait, pass”; see instead:
- S. lond “(land-locked) haven; ⚠️[N.] narrow path, strait, pass”
- ⚠️N. rhis n. “ravine”; see instead:
- S. riss “cleft, [N.] ravine; ⚠️cleft, cloven, separate”
- S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
1.25 Isle, Island
- S., N. caer n. “[N.] flat isle on a river”
- ⚠️S. #cast n. “cape, headland”; see instead:
- S. ras(t) “cape, shore”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dol n. “island”; see instead:
- S. tol(l) “island, (high steep-sided) isle”
- ⚠️G. mineth n. “island”; see instead:
- S. tol(l) “island, (high steep-sided) isle”
- ᴺS. !perthol n. “peninsula”
- S. ras(t) n. “cape, shore”
- S., N., G. tol(l) n. “island, (high steep-sided) isle”
1.27 Shore, Beach
- S., N., G. falas n. “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️G. falos n. “sea-marge, surf, coast, line, beach; margin, fringe, edge”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️N. faur n. “beach, shore”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️G. flass n. “sea-marge, surf; foam; margin, ragged margin, fringe”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwaithlos n. “*sea-shore”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. plados n. “surf, land’s edge”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ᴺS. plador “[G.] oar; ⚠️[ᴱN.] surf, land’s edge”
- ⚠️G. sarofarn n. “the seashore”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. thlos n. “shore; [G.] breaker”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
1.31 Water
- ⚠️G. asc¹ n. “water”; see instead:
- S. nen “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river, [ᴱN.] stream”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^duidhrad n. “canal”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^duiniant n. “aqueduct”
- ⚠️G. duivrad n. “canal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^duidhrad “canal”
- ⚠️G. duivrant n. “aqueduct”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^duiniant “aqueduct”
- ⚠️G. glib² adj. “liquid”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ylin “liquid”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lim n. “water”; see instead:
- S. nen “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river, [ᴱN.] stream”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. nen n. “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river, [ᴱN.] stream”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^nend adj. “watery”
- ⚠️N. nenn adj. “watery”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nend “watery”
- ⚠️G. ulin adj. and n. “liquid”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ylin “liquid”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^ylin adj. and n. “liquid”
1.32 Sea
- S. gaear n. “sea”
- S. gaearon n. “ocean, (lit.) great sea”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwai n. “sea”; see instead:
- S. gaear “sea”
- ⚠️G. ô n. “the sea”; see instead:
- S. gaear “sea”
- ⚠️N. oer n. “sea”; see instead:
- S. gaear “sea”
1.33 Lake, Pond
- S. #ael n. “lake, pool”
- ⚠️G. ail n. “lake, pool”; see instead:
- S. #ael “lake, pool”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ailin n. “lake”; see instead:
- S. #ael “lake, pool”
- ⚠️G. ailion n. “lake, pool”; see instead:
- S. #ael “lake, pool”
- ⚠️N. lhîn n. “pool”; see instead:
- S. lîn “pool, mere”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhuin n. “pool”; see instead:
- S. lîn “pool, mere”
- S. lîn n. “pool, mere”
- ⚠️G. muil n. “tarn”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”
- ⚠️G. †nîn² n. “pool”; see instead:
- S. lîn “pool, mere”
- ⚠️N. oel n. “pool, lake”; see instead:
- S. #ael “lake, pool”
- ⚠️N. rhim² n. “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rim n. “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”
1.34 Gulf, Bay
- ⚠️S. côf n. “bay”; see instead:
- N. hûb “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cû n. “bay, cove”; see instead:
- N. hûb “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”
- N. hûb n. “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”
1.35 Wave, Surge
- N. falf n. “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
- ⚠️G. falm n. “breaker, wave”; see instead:
- N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
- S. faloth n. “large foamy wave”
- ⚠️G. floss n. “breaker”; see instead:
- N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !gôl n. “wave”; see instead:
- N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
- ⚠️G. saros n. “surf, sea”; see instead:
- S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
- ⚠️G. sôr n. “wave, billow”; see instead:
- N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
- ⚠️G. thloth n. “breakers, waves, surf”; see instead:
- N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
1.351 Foam, Froth
- ⚠️G. craith n. “foam, froth, spume”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cruith n. “spume”
- N. faltha- v. “to foam”
- ⚠️G. flathwi n. “scud, spray, spindrift”; see instead:
- S. gwing “foam, spindrift, [N.] flying spray; [G.] wave-crest”
- S., N., G. gwing n. “foam, spindrift, [N.] flying spray; [G.] wave-crest”
- ⚠️G. osp(a) n. “foam”; see instead:
- S. gwing “foam, spindrift, [N.] flying spray; [G.] wave-crest”
- ⚠️G. ospa- v. “to seethe, foam, spout”; see instead:
- N. faltha- “to foam”
- ⚠️G. ospoth n. “froth”
1.352 Splash, Spray
- ⚠️G. basbos n. “splash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !felaich “splash”
- ⚠️G. basbotha- v. “to splash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !felechia- “to splash”
- ⚠️G. fasca- v. “to splash, sprinkle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !felechia- “to splash”
- ᴺS. !felaich n. “splash”
- ᴺS. !felechia- v. “to splash”
- ⚠️G. gwass n. “rush, rushing, noise of rushing, splash”
- ⚠️G. gwassiol adj. “rushing, noisy, loud, rustling or splashing”; see instead:
- S. #brui “loud, *noisy”
- N. alag “rushing, impetuous”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlais n. “splashing, flapping noise”
1.36 Brook, Stream, River
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. ach n. “waterfall”; see instead:
- S. lanthir “waterfall”
- ⚠️G. acha n. “waterfall”; see instead:
- S. lanthir “waterfall”
- N. celeth n. “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
- ᴺS. !celf n. “channel”
- ⚠️G. celu n. “rill, stream, runlet”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
- ⚠️G. duif (duiv-) n. “stream”; see instead:
- N. celeth “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
- S., N. duin n. “(large) river; ⚠️[N.] water”
- N. duirro n. “*river-bank”
- ⚠️N. eges n. “mouths”; see instead:
- S. ethir¹ “mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow”
- S., N. ethir¹ n. “mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow”
- ⚠️G. gwent² n. “brook, small river”; see instead:
- N. celeth “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
- S. lanthir n. “waterfall”
- ⚠️G. nern n. “brook”; see instead:
- N. celeth “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
- N. oll n. “torrent, mountain-stream”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^raw¹ n. “bank (especially of a river)”
- ⚠️N. rhaw² n. “bank (especially of a river)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raw¹ “bank (especially of a river)”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. sîr n. “river, stream”
1.37 Spring, Well
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. aithl n. “spring, fount, source”; see instead:
- S. eithel “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
- ⚠️G. aithla- v. “to spring (from), issue forth, bubble up”; see instead:
- ᴺS. eithla- “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”
- ⚠️G. cectha- v. “to spout out”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^celu n. “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
- ⚠️N. celw n. “spring, source”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
- ⚠️G. †ectha- v. “to spout, jet”
- ⚠️G. ecthel(uin) n. “fountain, fount”; see instead:
- S. eithel “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
- S., N. eithel n. “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] eithla- v. “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”
- ⚠️ᴱN. eithlod n. “springing, welling forth”
- ⚠️ᴱN. eithlos n. “fountain”; see instead:
- S. eithel “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
- ⚠️G. gwelwi n. “spring of water”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
1.38 Whirlpool
- ⚠️N. chwinn n. “eddy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwind “eddy”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hwind n. “eddy”
1.41 Woods, Forest
- ⚠️G. alos n. “forest”; see instead:
- S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- ⚠️ᴱN. aulos n. “forest”; see instead:
- S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dron n. “wood”; see instead:
- S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- ⚠️G. drui n. “wood, forest”; see instead:
- S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- S. eryn n. “wood, forest (of trees)”
- S. glad n. “wood”
- ⚠️G. goloth [ng-] n. “forest”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lant n. “clearing in the forest”
- ⚠️N. lhant n. “clearing in the forest”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lant “clearing in the forest”
- ᴺS. !rostaur n. “rainforest”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. taur n. “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- S. tauron n. “forester”
- ⚠️G. tavros n. “forest, wooded land”; see instead:
- S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- ⚠️S., N. tawar n. “forest; [N.] wood (material)”; see instead:
- S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
- S. taw¹ “wood as material”
1.43 Wood, Timber
- ⚠️G. âl n. “wood (material)”; see instead:
- S. taw¹ “wood as material”
- ⚠️G. âlog adj. “of wood, wooden”; see instead:
- S. tawen “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
- ⚠️N. drafn n. “hewn log”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dravn “hewn log”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^dravn n. “hewn log”
- ⚠️G. durog adj. “wooden”; see instead:
- S. tawen “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
- ⚠️G. duru n. “wood; pole, beam, log”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dravn “hewn log”
- ⚠️G. lôg n. “fuel, firewood”; see instead:
- ᴺS. tund² “log for the fire, *firewood, fuel”
- ⚠️G. tan n. “firewood”; see instead:
- ᴺS. tund² “log for the fire, *firewood, fuel”
- S. #tân “builder, smith, wright, artificer”
- S. taw¹ n. “wood as material”
- ⚠️N. tawaren adj. “wooden”; see instead:
- S. tawen “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
- S. tawen adj. “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
- ᴺS. [G.] tund² n. “log for the fire, *firewood, fuel”
1.44 Rock, Stone
- ⚠️G. bringlast n. “alabaster”
- S., N. brith n. “gravel”
- S. ?brithon adj. “pebbly”
- ⚠️G. cloch n. “stone (small), stone of fruit”; see instead:
- S. sarn “(small) stone, pebble; stony (place); ⚠️[N.] stone as a material”
- ⚠️G. clochiol adj. “stone”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gonneb “stony, rocky”
- ⚠️G. clocthi n. “pebble”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sarneg “pebble”
- ⚠️G. clogod n. “shingle beach”; see instead:
- S. serni “shingle, pebble bank”
- ⚠️G. clogrin adj. “stony, stone-like”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gonneb “stony, rocky”
- ⚠️G. clogwed adj. “stony, stone-covered”; see instead:
- N. #gondren “*of stone”
- ⚠️G. closs n. “shingle”
- ⚠️G. dalech n. “(upright) stone”
- ⚠️ᴱN. esg n. “sharp upstanding rock in water; [G.] sharp point, sharp edge”; see instead:
- N. carag “spike, tooth of rock”
- N. egnas “sharp point, peak”
- ᴺS. [G.] glast n. “marble”
- ⚠️G. glastrin adj. “marble”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^glathren “[of or like] marble”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^glathren adj. “[of or like] marble”
- S., ᴱN., G., N. gond n. “stone, rock, [N.] stone (as a material), ⚠️[G.] great stone”
- N. gondram n. “hewn stone”
- N. #gondren adj. “*of stone”
- ᴺS. !gonneb adj. “stony, rocky”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gonnen adj. “of stone”; see instead:
- N. #gondren “*of stone”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gonnos n. “great rock”
- ⚠️G. gonthos n. “great rock”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gonnos “great rock”
- ⚠️G. gonwed adj. “rocky”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gonneb “stony, rocky”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orsarn adj. “stoneless”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. sarn n. and adj. “(small) stone, pebble; stony (place); ⚠️[N.] stone as a material”
- ᴺS. !sarneg n. “pebble”
- ᴺS. !senc adj. and n. “mineral-like, flinty; flint”
- S. serni n. “shingle, pebble bank”
- ⚠️G. silc n. “flint”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !senc “mineral-like, flinty; flint”
- ᴺS. [G.] sinc n. “*mineral, ⚠️[G.] metal”
1.46 Cave
- S., N. fela n. “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
- S. feleg n. “cave, ⚠️mine, underground dwelling”
- ⚠️N. gath n. “cavern”; see instead:
- S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
- ⚠️N. gathrod n. “cave”; see instead:
- S. groth “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
- ⚠️G. gerd(h)olm n. “mine”; see instead:
- S. fela “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
- ⚠️G. gersauth n. “mine”; see instead:
- S. fela “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gronn n. “cave, cavern”; see instead:
- S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
- S., N. groth n. “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
- ⚠️G. grûd n. “cavern”; see instead:
- S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
- ⚠️N. rhonn n. “roof, cave”; see instead:
- S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !rhûd n. “dwelling underground, artifical cave, rockhewn hall, mine”; see instead:
- S. groth “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
- ⚠️G. rodos n. “cavern”; see instead:
- S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
- S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
- S., N. rond n. “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
1.51 Sky, Heavens
- ᴺS. !cethaeg n. “horizon”
- ⚠️G. climli n. “heaven, sky”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. dai n. and adj. “sky; high”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
- S. dae “shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade”
- N. #ell n. “sky”
- ⚠️G. ilon n. “sky”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- ⚠️G. ilwint n. “sky, heavens; (lit.) face of god”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
- ⚠️G. luithon n. “sky”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- S., N. menel n. “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. telum n. “sky; [G.] roof”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- N. telu “dome, high roof”
1.52 Sun
- S., N. Anor n. “Sun”
- ᴺS. !anóren adj. “sunny”
- ⚠️G. augla n. “ray of sunlight, sunbeam”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aglan “ray of light”
- ⚠️G. auglas n. “bright sunshine”; see instead:
- S. glaw “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
- ⚠️G. áugwila adj. “sunny, sunlit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !anóren “sunny”
- ⚠️G. aur(a) n. “Sun”; see instead:
- S. aur “(whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning”
- S. Anor “Sun”
- ⚠️G. auth n. “sunshine, warmth; noontide”; see instead:
- S. glaw “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
- ᴺS. ast “light or heat of the sun, *warmth”
- ᴺS. !cýranor n. “new sun after solstice”
- ᴺS. !ethol- v. “to come forth, come out”
- S. #fael¹ n. and adj. “gleam of the sun; *gleaming”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gladwen n. “radiance, sunshine”; see instead:
- S. glawar “gold (light or colour); [N.] sunlight, radiance (of Laurelin)”
- S., N. glaw n. “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
- ⚠️G. hŷr n. “sun”; see instead:
- S. Anor “Sun”
1.53 Moon
- ⚠️N. cúran n. “crescent moon”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cúron “crescent moon”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^cúron n. “crescent moon”
- S. cýron n. “new-moon”
- ⚠️G. gilm n. “moonlight, silver light”; see instead:
- N. silith “light of Silpion, *moonlight”
- N. gilith “starlight, *region of the stars”
- S., N. Ithil n. “Moon”
- S., N. ithildin n. “magical alloy that glows in moonlight, (lit.) moon-star”
- ᴺS. !paron n. “full-moon”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. rán n. “moon”; see instead:
- S. #Raun “Moon”
- S. #Raun n. “Moon”
- ⚠️N. Rhân n. “Moon”; see instead:
- S. #Raun “Moon”
- ⚠️G. Sil n. “Rose of Silpion, Moon”; see instead:
- S. Ithil “Moon”
- N. †silif n. “light of Silpion, †silver, *moonlight”
- N. silith n. “light of Silpion, *moonlight”
- ⚠️G. Silma n. “*Moon”; see instead:
- S. Ithil “Moon”
1.54 Star
- S., N. †êl n. “star”
- ᴺS. !elchith n. “nebula, star cloud”
- ᴺS. !elui adj. “starry”
- ⚠️N. geil n. “star”; see instead:
- S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
- S. gil [ng-] n. “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
- N. gildin n. “silver spark”
- ⚠️G. tim n. “spark, gleam, (star)”; see instead:
- S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
- S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
- S. tîn¹ n. “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
- ᴺS. !tiniath n. “group of stars, star-cluster, constellation”
- ⚠️N. tinw n. “spark, small star”; see instead:
- S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
- S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
- ⚠️G. tinwithli n. “group of stars, star-cluster, constellation”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tiniath “group of stars, star-cluster, constellation”
1.542 Starlight
- N. gilith n. “starlight, *region of the stars”
1.55 Flash, Lightning
- ᴺS. !agla- v. “to shine out, flash”
- ⚠️G. agla n. “flash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^agol “flash”
- ᴺS. !aglad n. “lightning”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^agol n. “flash”
- ⚠️ᴱN. aithorn n. “lightning”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !aglad “lightning”
- ⚠️G. blectha- v. “to flash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !agla- “to shine out, flash”
1.56 Noise, Thunder
- S. lhôn n. “noise; *phone (in linguistics), speech sound”
- ⚠️G. rum n. “noise”; see instead:
- S. lhôn “noise; *phone (in linguistics), speech sound”
- ⚠️G. rumla- v. “to make a noise”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lenia- “to sound, make a noise”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlach n. “clap, clash”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlacha- v. “to clap, clash, clatter”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlachol adj. “clashing”
1.61 Light
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^aglan n. “ray of light”
- ⚠️ᴱN. aglann n. “ray of light”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aglan “ray of light”
- S., N. calad n. “light, brightness, shining, ⚠️fire”
- ᴺS. !celia- v. “to illuminate, light up; to illustrate”
- ᴺS. !celias n. “(artificial) light, illumination”
- ⚠️G. dantha- v. “to illuminate, light up, illustrate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !celia- “to illuminate, light up; to illustrate”
- ⚠️G. danthos n. “(artificial) light, illumination”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !celias “(artificial) light, illumination”
- ᴺS. !Forchalad n. “aurora, (lit.) northern radiance”
- ⚠️G. gal(a) n. “daylight, light”; see instead:
- S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; ⚠️light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn”
- S. calad “light, brightness, shining, ⚠️fire”
- S., N., ᴱN. galad [ng-] n. “radiance, glittering reflection; ⚠️light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn”
- S. glae(gal) n. “light (as an ethereal substance), *photons”
- ⚠️ᴱN. glaiw n. “light”; see instead:
- S. glae(gal) “light (as an ethereal substance), *photons”
- ᴺS. !Harchalad n. “aurora, (lit.) southern radiance”
- S. #narthan n. “beacon”
1.62 Darkness
- ⚠️ᴱN. avosaith n. “gloomy places”
- ⚠️G. †gath² (gadh-) n. “gloom, blight”; see instead:
- S. fuin “night, gloom, darkness, [N.] dead of night”
- N. maur n. “gloom”
- S., N. môr n. “dark(ness); †night, ⚠️[N.] †black”
- ⚠️G. morth n. “darkness”; see instead:
- S. môr “dark(ness); †night, ⚠️[N.] †black”
- ⚠️G. mûri n. “darkness, †night”; see instead:
- S. môr “dark(ness); †night, ⚠️[N.] †black”
1.622 Dark, Murky
- ⚠️ᴱN. danglarweb adj. “without light”
- ⚠️N. dofn adj. “gloomy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dovn “gloomy”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^dovn adj. “gloomy”
- ⚠️ᴱN. drú adj. “dark”; see instead:
- S. dûr “dark (with evil implications), gloomy, hellish”
- S., N. dûr [nd-] adj. “dark (with evil implications), gloomy, hellish”
- ⚠️G. fung adj. “dark (esp. of colour)”; see instead:
- S. morn “black, dark; ⚠️night”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hinar adj. “dark”; see instead:
- S. morn “black, dark; ⚠️night”
- ⚠️G. mortha adj. “dim”; see instead:
- S. gwathren “shadowy, dim”
- S. muil n. and adj. “drear[iness]”
1.63 Shade, Shadow
- ⚠️S., N. dae n. “shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade”; see instead:
- S. #morchant “shadow cast by light, (lit.) dark shape”
- S. gwath “shadow, dim light, [N.] shade”
- S., N. dúath n. “night shadow, dark/black shadow, [N.] night-shade”
- S. esgal n. “cast shadow, shade; screen, hiding; ⚠️veil”
- S., N. gwath n. “shadow, dim light, [N.] shade”
- S. gwathra- v. “to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure”
- S. gwathren adj. “shadowy, dim”
- S. #gwathui adj. “*shadowy, of shadow”
- N. hall¹ adj. “veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhom n. “shadow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lum “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
- ⚠️N. lhum n. “shade”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lum “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
- ⚠️N. lhumren n. “shady”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lumren “shady, [G.] overcast”
- ⚠️G. lôm n. “gloom, shade”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lum “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
- ⚠️G. lómin adj. and n. “shady, shadowy, gloomy; gloom(iness)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lumren “shady, [G.] overcast”
- North S. lómin “echoing”
- ⚠️G. lomiol adj. “dismal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dovn “gloomy”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lum n. “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
- ⚠️G. lumbrin adj. “overcast”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lumren “shady, [G.] overcast”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lumren n. “shady, [G.] overcast”
- S. #morchant n. “shadow cast by light, (lit.) dark shape”
1.71 Air, Ether
- ⚠️G. gwail n. “air”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwelu “air (as a substance)”
- ⚠️G. gwailtha- v. “to air; expose to air”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwiltha- “to air, expose to air”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^gwelu n. “air (as a substance)”
- ⚠️N. gwelw n. “air (as a substance)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwelu “air (as a substance)”
- ⚠️N. gwelwen n. “air, lower air”; see instead:
- N. gwilith “air (as a region), *lower sky; ⚠️[G.] breeze”
- N., G. gwilith n. “air (as a region), *lower sky; ⚠️[G.] breeze”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gwiltha- v. “to air, expose to air”
1.72 Wind
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. gwá n. “wind”; see instead:
- S. gwae “wind”
- S., N., ᴱN. gwae n. “wind”
- ⚠️S. gwael n. “?wind”; see instead:
- S. gwae “wind”
- ᴺS. [S.] gwaeren adj. “windy”
- ⚠️G. gwam n. “gust of wind”; see instead:
- S. gwae “wind”
- ⚠️G. gwavwed adj. “windy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gwaeren “windy”
- ⚠️G. saul n. “great wind”; see instead:
- S. sûl “[strong] wind, *gust”
- ᴺS. [G.] sû n. “noise of wind”
- S. sûl n. “[strong] wind, *gust”
1.722 Storm
- N. alagos n. “storm (of wind)”
- S. gwaew n. “storm; ⚠️blow”
- ⚠️ᴱN. huiriaith n. “gale”; see instead:
- N. alagos “storm (of wind)”
1.723 Breeze
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. blith n. “breeze, [G.] zephyr; air”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwest “puff, breath, breeze”
- ᴺS. ^gwelu “air (as a substance)”
- ⚠️N. chwest n. “puff, breath, breeze”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwest “puff, breath, breeze”
- S. hwaewar n. “breeze[?]”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hwest n. “puff, breath, breeze”
1.73 Cloud, Mirk
- S. fân n. “(white) cloud; veil, curtain; form or vision of a spiritual being; ⚠️spirit [embodied]”
- S., N. fanui adj. “cloudy, (lit.) having much cloud”
- ⚠️N. faun n. “cloud”; see instead:
- S. fân “(white) cloud; veil, curtain; form or vision of a spiritual being; ⚠️spirit [embodied]”
- ⚠️G. luv- v. “to hang, lower (of clouds)”
- ⚠️G. ust n. “cloudy air”; see instead:
- N. osp “smoke”
1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze
- ⚠️ᴱN. blaith n. “fog, gloomy mist”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
- ⚠️ᴱN. blaithren adj. “foggy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hethu “foggy, obscure, vague”
- ⚠️G. drim n. “dew”; see instead:
- S. mîdh “dew, *moisture, damp(ness); ⚠️[ᴱN.] mist, drizzle”
- S. faen n. “vapour; ⚠️[disembodied] spirit”
- N. gilhof n. “dew, *(lit.) star-juice”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hethu adj. “foggy, obscure, vague”
- ⚠️N. hethw adj. “foggy, obscure, vague”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hethu “foggy, obscure, vague”
- S., N. hîth n. “mist”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hithu n. “fog”
- S., N. #hithui adj. “misty”
- ⚠️N. hithw n. “fog”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
- ⚠️G. huir adj. “foggy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hethu “foggy, obscure, vague”
- ⚠️G. huith n. “fog”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
- ⚠️G. huitha- v. “it is misty”
- S., N., ᴱN. mîdh n. “dew, *moisture, damp(ness); ⚠️[ᴱN.] mist, drizzle”
- ⚠️N. mith² n. “white fog, wet mist”; see instead:
- S. hîth “mist”
- ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
- ⚠️G. usc n. “fog, mist”; see instead:
- S. hîth “mist”
- N. osp “smoke”
1.75 Rain
- ⚠️N. eil- v. “to rain”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^uil- “to rain”
- ⚠️ᴱN. narog adj. “violent (of water, rain, etc.), torrential”
- ⚠️G. †nigor n. “rain, rainy weather”; see instead:
- S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- ⚠️G. nigwin adj. “rainy”; see instead:
- S. #rost “rainy”
- ⚠️G. noss¹ n. “rain”; see instead:
- S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- ⚠️N. rhoss¹ n. “rain”; see instead:
- S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- S. ross¹ n. “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- S. #rost adj. “rainy”
- ⚠️G. tibli n. “drizzle, sleet”; see instead:
- S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- ⚠️G. ubra- v. “to rain”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^uil- “to rain”
- ⚠️G. ubri n. “rainfall, rain”; see instead:
- S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- ⚠️G. uch n. “rain”; see instead:
- S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^uil- v. “to rain”
1.752 Rainbow
- ⚠️ᴺS. !eiliant n.; see instead:
- S. ninniach “rainbow”
- ⚠️N. eilian(w) n. “rainbow, (lit.) sky-bridge”; see instead:
- S. ninniach “rainbow”
- ⚠️G. ilbrant n. “rainbow”; see instead:
- S. ninniach “rainbow”
- S. ninniach n. “rainbow”
1.76 Snow
- ⚠️G. fô n. “snow”; see instead:
- S. loss “snow”
- ⚠️G. fôtha- v. “to snow”
- ᴺS. !glosta- v. “to snow”
- ⚠️G. glui n. “snow”; see instead:
- S. loss “snow”
- ⚠️G. ith¹ n. “fine snow”; see instead:
- S. loss “snow”
- S. loss n. “snow”
- S. lossen adj. “snowy”
- ⚠️G. nib n. “snowflake”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nibis “snowflake”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nibis n. “snowflake”
- ⚠️G. nictha- v. “to rain, hail, snow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nítha-¹ “to snow, hail, ⚠️rain”
- ᴺS. ^uil- “to rain”
- ⚠️G. nigweth n. “(snow) storm”; see instead:
- N. alagos “storm (of wind)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nítha-¹ v. “to snow, hail, ⚠️rain”
- ⚠️G. nybol adj. “?snowy”; see instead:
- S. lossen “snowy”
1.77 Ice, Frost
- S. aeglos n. “icicle, (lit.) snow-point; snowthorn (a plant)”
- N., G. heleg n. “ice”
- ⚠️G. helfileg n. “frost on panes, etc.”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nich “frost”
- ⚠️G. helfingl n. “icicle”; see instead:
- S. aeglos “icicle, (lit.) snow-point; snowthorn (a plant)”
- ⚠️N. hell² n. “frost”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nich “frost”
- ⚠️G. heloth n. “frost”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nich “frost”
- ⚠️G. hîl n. “frost”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nich “frost”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhinc n. “ice”
- ᴺS. !nich n. “frost”
1.772 to Freeze
- ᴺS. [G.] hel- v. “to freeze”
- ᴺS. !hellen adj. “frozen”
- ⚠️G. helon adj. “frozen”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !hellen “frozen”
- ⚠️G. heltha- v. “to freeze, congeal (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hel- “to freeze”
- ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
- N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
1.78 Weather
- ᴺS. [G.] ^glaen adj. “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”
- ᴺS. !glaenas n. “fair weather; serenity”
- ⚠️G. glaim adj. “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^glaen “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”
- ⚠️G. glaimri n. “serenity, fair weather”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !glaenas “fair weather; serenity”
- ᴺS. !gwilwist n. “weather”
- ⚠️G. lumbri n. “foul weather”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lummor “foul weather”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lummor n. “foul weather”
- ⚠️G. lust n. “weather; tide; time”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lummor “foul weather”
- S. duinen “flood, high tide”
1.81 Fire
- N. bregedur n. “wild fire”
- ⚠️ᴱN. byr n. “fire”; see instead:
- S. naur “fire, ⚠️[N.] flame”
- S., N. naur n. “fire, ⚠️[N.] flame”
- ⚠️N. rhuin n. “fire”; see instead:
- S. ruin “red flame; fiery red”
- ⚠️G. sâ n. “fire”; see instead:
- S. naur “fire, ⚠️[N.] flame”
- ⚠️G. tôn n. “fire (on a hearth)”; see instead:
- S. *ûr “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”
- S. ?uir adj. “*fiery”
- S., N., ᴱN. *ûr n. “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”
1.82 Flame
- ⚠️G. blectha n. “a flame”; see instead:
- S. lach “(leaping) flame”
- ⚠️G. bleg n. “a flame”; see instead:
- S. lach “(leaping) flame”
- ⚠️S. bragollach n. “sudden flame”; see instead:
- N. bregedur “wild fire”
- ⚠️G. cantha n. “flame”; see instead:
- S. lach “(leaping) flame”
- ⚠️G. cantharol adj. “glaring, flaming”
- ⚠️G. canthor n. “blaze, flare, glare”
- ⚠️G. gudhri n. “inflammation; conflagration”
- ⚠️G. gudhrin adj. “inflamed, burning hot”; see instead:
- N. brassen “white-hot, *very hot”
- ⚠️G. gudhriol adj. “inflamed, inflammatory”
- S. lach n. “(leaping) flame”
- S. #lacha- v. “to flame”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhacha n. “flame”; see instead:
- S. lach “(leaping) flame”
- S. ruin n. and adj. “red flame; fiery red”
- ⚠️G. tang n. “flame, flash”; see instead:
- S. lach “(leaping) flame”
- ᴺS. ^agol “flash”
1.83 Smoke
- ᴺS. !esgia- v. “to smoke (intr.)”
- ᴺS. !fanu n. “vapour, steam”
- ⚠️G. faug² n. “wood smoke”; see instead:
- N. osp “smoke”
- ⚠️G. fluim n. “(black) smoke, reek”; see instead:
- N. osp “smoke”
- ⚠️G. foltha- v. “to emit smoke, smoulder, reek”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !esgia- “to smoke (intr.)”
- ⚠️G. fuctha- v. “to smoke (over a wood fire)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !uitha- “to smoke (trans.)”
- ⚠️G. fug- v. “to smoulder”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !esgia- “to smoke (intr.)”
- ⚠️G. fugri n. “smother (of smoke)”; see instead:
- N. osp “smoke”
- ⚠️G. func n. “smoke”; see instead:
- N. osp “smoke”
- N. osp n. “smoke”
- ⚠️G. tuim n. “steam”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !fanu “vapour, steam”
- ᴺS. !uitha- v. “to smoke (trans.)”
1.84 Ashes
- S., N. lith n. “ash; [N.] sand”
- S., N. lithui adj. “ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty”
1.85 to Burn, Scorch
- ᴺS. [G.] ^branna- v. “to scorch”
- ⚠️G. brantha- v. “to scorch”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^branna- “to scorch”
- ⚠️G. gusta- v. “to burn (tr.), destroy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^orna- “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
- ᴺS. tertha- “to destroy, *ruin, †(orig.) to make pierced; ⚠️to devour”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^orna- v. “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
- ⚠️G. ras- v. “to scorch, toast”
- ⚠️G. rasc n. “toast(ed bread)”
- ⚠️G. torc n. “a sear, mark of a burn”
- ⚠️G. tortha- v. “to scorch”
- ⚠️G. urna- v. “to blaze, burn (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^orna- “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
1.86 to Light, Kindle
- ⚠️G. cintha- v. “to light, set alight”; see instead:
- N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
- ⚠️G. galtha- v. “to kindle”; see instead:
- N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
- N. nartha- v. “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
- ⚠️G. tantha- v. “to set light to, kindle”; see instead:
- N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
- S. †thoniel adj. “kindler (in the past)”
- ⚠️G. tusc adj. “inflammable; touchy, irritable; explosive”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !urnui “inflammable; touchy, irritable; ⚠️explosive”
- ⚠️G. tusta- v. “to inflame, kindle, set light to, burn (tr.)”; see instead:
- N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
- ⚠️G. tustarol adj. “inflammable”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !urnui “inflammable; touchy, irritable; ⚠️explosive”
- ᴺS. !urnui adj. “inflammable; touchy, irritable; ⚠️explosive”
1.87 Match, Fire Stick
- N. iolf n. “brand”
- N. iûl n. “embers”
- ᴺS. !narvaenas n. “firework”
- ᴺS. [G.] pruin n. “charcoal”
- ⚠️G. taudha n. “phosphorous”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^tudh n. “tinder”
- ᴺS. !tudheg n. “match”
- ⚠️G. tuth n. “tinder”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tudh “tinder”
- ⚠️G. tuthli n. “match”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tudheg “match”
- ⚠️N. uilw n. “embers”; see instead:
- N. iûl “embers”
1.99 Physical World (other)
- ᴺS. [G.] ^dorgant [nd-] n. “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”
- ⚠️G. dorven [nd-] n. “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dorgant “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”
2.
Mankind
2.1 Human Being
- S. Adan n. “Man (as a species)”
- ⚠️G. an¹ n. “person, -body, one, anyone, someone, they; creature”; see instead:
- S. pen² “one, somebody, anybody; ⚠️[N.] Elf”
- S., N. Feir n. “Mortal, [N.] mortal man”
- ⚠️ᴱN. fion n. “mortal man”; see instead:
- S. Feir “Mortal, [N.] mortal man”
- S. Fíreb n. “Mortal”
- ⚠️N. firen adj. “human”; see instead:
- S. firin “dying, ⚠️mortal; [N.] human”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwiaithos n. “a person, human (not specifically m. or f.)”; see instead:
- S. pen² “one, somebody, anybody; ⚠️[N.] Elf”
- S., N. pen² pron. “one, somebody, anybody; ⚠️[N.] Elf”
- S., N. -we suf. “person, being, individual; [N.] masculine suffix”
2.21 Man
- ⚠️G. anos n. “man (fullgrown), warrior”
- ⚠️G. anoth n. “†manhood; man (fullgrown), warrior”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
- N., G. benn n. “man, male, †husband”
- S., N. dîr¹ [nd-] n. “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
- ⚠️ᴱN. fionweg n. “a man”; see instead:
- S. Firion “(Male) Mortal”
- S. Firion n. “(Male) Mortal”
- ⚠️N. gwe n. “man, warrior”; see instead:
- S. dîr¹ “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. gweg n. “man, male (being)”; see instead:
- S. dîr¹ “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
- ⚠️G. idhweg n. “*Man (m.)”; see instead:
- S. Firion “(Male) Mortal”
2.22 Woman
- S. adaneth n. “(mortal) woman”
- ᴺS. [N.] dî [nd-] n. “woman, ⚠️lady, bride”
- ⚠️ᴱN. fionwin n. “woman; (fem.) mortal man”; see instead:
- S. Firieth “(Female) Mortal”
- S. Firieth n. “(Female) Mortal”
- ⚠️G. gwin n. “woman, female”; see instead:
- N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
- S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
- ⚠️G. idhwin n. “*Man (f.)”; see instead:
- S. Firieth “(Female) Mortal”
- ⚠️ᴱN. nain n. “woman”; see instead:
- N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
- ⚠️G. †nîr² n. “woman”; see instead:
- N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
- ⚠️ᴱN. uin n. “woman”; see instead:
- N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
- S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
2.23 Male
- ⚠️G. anothrin adj. “adult (of men), fullgrown; manly”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwathren “manly, masculine”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^anu n. and adj. “male (person or animal)”
- ⚠️N. anw n. and adj. “male (person or animal)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anu “male (person or animal)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^anwas n. “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^anwathren adj. “manly, masculine”
- ⚠️G. gwegri n. “manhood (time or state)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
- ⚠️G. gwegrin adj. “masculine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwathren “manly, masculine”
- ⚠️G. gwegwed adj. “male”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anu “male (person or animal)”
- ⚠️G. gwegweth n. “male sex, manhood (state)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
- ⚠️G. nerthi n. “manhood, manliness; virtue”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
- S., N. -on¹ suf. “masculine suffix”
- ⚠️G. #-os² suf. “masculine suffix”; see instead:
- S. -on¹ “masculine suffix”
- ⚠️G. -weg suf. “masculine suffix”; see instead:
- S. -we “person, being, individual; [N.] masculine suffix”
2.24 Female
- ⚠️G. gwenedh adj. “womanly?”; see instead:
- S. gweneth “maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
- ⚠️G. gwineth adj. “female”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^inu “female”
- ⚠️G. gwiniol adj. “feminine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !inwathren “feminine”
- ⚠️G. gwinios n. “womanhood (time or state)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !inwas “feminity, womanhood”
- ⚠️G. gwinlaith n. “womanhood (time)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !inwas “feminity, womanhood”
- ⚠️G. gwinwed adj. “female”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^inu “female”
- ⚠️G. gwinweth n. “female sex, womanhood (state)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !inwas “feminity, womanhood”
- S., N. -ien suf. “feminine ending”
- S., G., N. -il suf. “feminine suffix”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^inu adj. and n. “female”
- ⚠️N. inw adj. and n. “female”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^inu “female”
- ᴺS. !inwas n. “feminity, womanhood”
- ᴺS. !inwathren adj. “feminine”
- S. -wen suf. “maiden, *female suffix”
- ⚠️G. -win suf. “*female suffix”; see instead:
- S. -wen “maiden, *female suffix”
2.242 Sex
- ⚠️G. gwegwin n. “hermaphrodite”
2.25 Boy
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nogen n. “boy, lad, urchin; *(orig.) short (of persons)”
- ⚠️G. nogin n. “boy, lad, urchin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nogen “boy, lad, urchin; *(orig.) short (of persons)”
2.26 Girl
- ⚠️N. †dess n. “young woman”; see instead:
- S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
- S., N. gwend n. “maiden, *young woman”
- ᴺS. !gwendren adj. “maidenly, girlish”
- S., N. gweneth n. “maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
- ⚠️G. gwenithli n. “maidenhood”; see instead:
- S. gweneth “maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
- ⚠️G. gwennin n. “girl”; see instead:
- S. neth “(little) girl; ⚠️sister (diminutive)”
- S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
- ⚠️G. gwenniniol adj. “maiden(ly), girlish”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwendren “maidenly, girlish”
- ⚠️G. gwethli n. “maiden, little girl”; see instead:
- S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
- S. neth “(little) girl; ⚠️sister (diminutive)”
- S. neth n. “(little) girl; ⚠️sister (diminutive)”
2.27 Child
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. arn n. “child, [G.] son”; see instead:
- S. hên “child”
- ᴺS. !gwidhren adj. “adolescent, pre-adult”
- S. hên n. “child”
- ⚠️G. hilwed adj. “adolescent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwidhren “adolescent, pre-adult”
- ⚠️G. pui n. “child”; see instead:
- S. hên “child”
2.28 Infant
- S. gwinig n. “little-one, baby”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^laes n. “babe”; see instead:
- S. gwinig “little-one, baby”
- ⚠️N. lhaes n. “babe”; see instead:
- S. gwinig “little-one, baby”
- ⚠️G. puthli n. “baby”; see instead:
- S. gwinig “little-one, baby”
2.31 Husband
- ⚠️G. bedhron n. “husband”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethron “spouse (m.)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^bethron n. “spouse (m.)”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^daer [nd-] n. “bridegroom”
- ⚠️N. doer [nd-] n. “bridegroom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^daer “bridegroom”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwedhion n. “husband”; see instead:
- N. herven “husband”
- ⚠️G. hauthwaid n. “consort, wife or husband”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethron “spouse (m.)”
- ᴺS. ^bethril “spouse (f.)”
- N. herven n. “husband”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urwedhw adj. “without mate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ⚠️ᴱN. uwedheb adj. “not married”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ⚠️ᴱN. yrwidhion adj. “without husband”; see instead:
- N. herven “husband”
2.32 Wife
- ⚠️G. †bedhril n. “wife”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethril “spouse (f.)”
- S., N., G. bess n. “wife; ⚠️[N.] woman”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^bethril n. “spouse (f.)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gweth n. “wife”; see instead:
- N. herves “wife”
- N. herves n. “wife”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urweth adj. “without wife”; see instead:
- N. herves “wife”
2.321 Bride
- N. dineth [nd-] n. “bride”
- N. dîs [nd-] n. “bride”
2.33 to Wed, Marry
- ⚠️G. benna- v. “to wed”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !besta- “to wed, marry”
- ᴺS. !besta- v. “to wed, marry”
2.34 Wedding, Marriage
- ⚠️G. bedhgad n. “wedlock”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ⚠️G. bedhin adj. “wedded, married”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bestannen “wedded, married”
- ⚠️G. †bedhiod n. “wedlock”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ⚠️G. bedhri n. “wedding”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bestad “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
- ⚠️G. †bedhwen n. “matrimony”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ᴺS. !best n. “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ᴺS. !bestad n. “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
- ᴺS. !bestannen adj. “wedded, married”
- ⚠️G. govedhri n. “wedding”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bestad “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
- ⚠️G. govedhwen n. “matrimony”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwedhw n. “matrimony”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
- ⚠️G. hauthwais n. “matrimony, conjugal rights”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
2.35 Father
- N., G. ada n. “father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy”
- S., N. adar n. “father”
- ⚠️G. †ador n. “father”; see instead:
- S. adar “father”
- S. atheg n. “[little] father; thumb”
- ⚠️G. bâb n. “father”
- ⚠️G. (n)ada n. “daddy, father”; see instead:
- N. ada “father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy”
- ⚠️G. nathanwi n. “fatherhood”
- ⚠️G. nathon n. “father”
2.36 Mother
- ⚠️G. amil n. “mother”; see instead:
- S. emel “mother”
- ⚠️G. babi n. “mummy, mamma”; see instead:
- N. nana “mother (hypocoristic), *mommy”
- S. emel n. “mother”
- S. emig n. “[little] mother, *mommy”
- ⚠️N. †emil n. “mother”; see instead:
- S. emel “mother”
- ⚠️G. mab(a) n. “mother”; see instead:
- N. naneth “mother”
- ⚠️G. (m)ami n. “mummy”; see instead:
- N. nana “mother (hypocoristic), *mommy”
- ⚠️G. nân¹ n. “mother”; see instead:
- N. naneth “mother”
- N. nana n. “mother (hypocoristic), *mommy”
- N. naneth n. “mother”
2.37 Parent
- N. odhril n. “parent (f.)”
- N. odhron n. “parent”
2.41 Son
- ⚠️G. bo- pref. “son of”; see instead:
- S. -ion¹ “-son”
- ⚠️G. bo(n) n. “son”; see instead:
- S. ion(n) “son, *boy”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gó n. “son”; see instead:
- S. ion(n) “son, *boy”
- ⚠️G. go-² pref. “son of”; see instead:
- S. -ion¹ “-son”
- S., N. -ion¹ suf. “-son”
- S., N. ion(n) n. “son, *boy”
2.42 Daughter
- ⚠️G. fwi- pref. “fem. patronymic prefix”; see instead:
- S. -iel¹ “daughter; feminine suffix”
- S., N., G. -iel¹ suf. “daughter; feminine suffix”
- N. iell n. “daughter”
- S., N. sell n. “daughter; [N.] †girl, maid”
- ⚠️G. suil n. “daughter”; see instead:
- S. sell “daughter; [N.] †girl, maid”
2.44 Brother
- ⚠️ᴺS. !gwachon n. “(sworn) brother, associate”; see instead:
- N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
- N. gwador n. “(sworn) brother, associate”
- S. hanar n. “brother”
- S. †hawn n. “brother”
- ⚠️G. hethos n. “brother”; see instead:
- S. hanar “brother”
- S. honeg n. “brother (diminutive)”
- N. muindor n. “brother”
- N. †tôr n. “brother”
2.45 Sister
- N. gwathel n. “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
- ⚠️G. hethir n. “sister”; see instead:
- S. nethel “sister”
- N. muinthel n. “sister”
- S. nethel n. “sister”
- S. nethig n. “sister, girl (diminutive)”
- S. †nîth n. “sister”
- N. thêl n. “sister”
2.452 Sibling
- ᴺS. [G.] gochest n. “brother and brother, brother and sister, etc., *a set of siblings”
- ⚠️G. gochestri n. “consanguinity”
- ᴺS. [G.] hest n. “sibling”
- ⚠️G. hestri n. “consanguinity”
- ⚠️G. †heth¹ n. “brother or sister”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hest “sibling”
2.46 Grandfather
- ᴺS. [G.] dâd n. “grandfather”
2.47 Grandmother
- ᴺS. [G.] mam n. “grandmother, ⚠️mother”
2.48 Grandson
- ⚠️G. ho(n)- pref. “grandson of”
- ᴺS. [G.] sion n. “grandson”
2.49 Granddaughter
- ᴺS. [G.] siel n. “granddaughter”
- ⚠️G. si(n)- pref. “granddaughter of”
2.53 Nephew
- ⚠️G. fwion n. “nephew”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwion “nephew”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hwion n. “nephew”
2.54 Niece
- ⚠️G. fwîr n. “niece”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !hwiel “niece”
- ᴺS. !hwiel n. “niece”
2.55 Cousin
- ⚠️G. gedren n. “second cousin (m.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. gedres n. “second cousin (f.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. goredhweg n. “cousin (m.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. goredhwin n. “cousin (f.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. gwarest n. “cousinhood, -ship”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”
- ⚠️G. hethren n. “first cousin (m.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. hethres n. “first cousin (f.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. †redhweg n. “cousin [m.]”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
- ⚠️G. †redhwin n. “cousin [f.]”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
- ᴺS. [G.] rend² n. “male cousin, relative”
- ᴺS. [G.] ress¹ n. “female cousin, relative”
2.56 Ancestor
- ⚠️G. eithog n. “ancestor, †father, sire”
- ⚠️G. mavwin¹ n. “ancestress, †mother”
2.57 Descendant
- ⚠️G. bôr n. “descendant”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hilf coll. “posterity; one’s descendants, progeny, offspring”
- ⚠️G. hilm n. “posterity; one’s descendants, progeny, offspring”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hilf “posterity; one’s descendants, progeny, offspring”
2.65 Brother-in-Law
- ⚠️G. bedhren n. “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethren “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^bethren n. “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”
- ⚠️G. gadren n. “*brother in law, kinsman by marriage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethren “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”
2.66 Sister-in-Law
- ⚠️G. bedhres n. “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethres “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^bethres n. “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”
- ⚠️G. gadres n. “*sister in law, kinswoman by marriage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bethres “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”
2.81 Relative
- ⚠️G. gedrin adj. “sib, akin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. goredhin “sib, akin, [closely] related”
- ⚠️G. gonothri(n) adj. “of same kindred”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwanuren “of same kindred, akin”
- ᴺS. [G.] goredhin adj. “sib, akin, [closely] related”
- ⚠️G. gwaid n. “kinsmen, relations; companion”; see instead:
- N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman”
- N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
- N. gwathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
- ⚠️G. gwais n. “kinship, relation”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”
- N. gwanur n. “kinsman, kinswoman”
- ᴺS. !gwanuren adj. “of same kindred, akin”
- ⚠️G. hethrin adj. “of the same family (in a close sense), consanguine”
- ⚠️G. nosied n. “kinsman”; see instead:
- N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman”
- ᴺS. [G.] redhin adj. “related”
- ᴺS. !rennas n. “kinship, relation”
- ⚠️G. †rest² n. “kinship”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”
2.82 Family
- ⚠️G. eithlos n. “family”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
- ᴺS. [G.] gwanos n. “family, birth, heredity, *lineage”
- ᴺS. [G.] gwaren n. “[nuclear] family”
- ⚠️G. gwarin(n) n. “family”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
- ⚠️G. renni n. “family”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
3.
Animals
3.11 Animal
- ⚠️G. cuid n. “animal, living creature”; see instead:
- S. lavan “animal”
- S. gwê n. “living creature, *living being; ⚠️[N.] man, warrior”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lafn n. “*animal”; see instead:
- S. lavan “animal”
- S. lavan n. “animal”
- ᴺS. !mellavan n. “pet, (lit.) love-animal”
- N. ûn¹ n. “creature”
3.16 to Pasture
- ᴺS. [G.] masta- v. “to [put to] feed, graze”
- ⚠️G. nesta- v. “to put to grass, graze, pasture, feed”; see instead:
- ᴺS. masta- “to [put to] feed, graze”
- N. #nesta- “to heal”
3.17 Pasture
- ⚠️G. masgar n. “pasture”; see instead:
- N. nadhras “pasture”
- ᴺS. [G.] mast n. “fodder, feed, ⚠️food, nourishment”
- N. nadhor n. “pasture”
- N. nadhras n. “pasture”
3.18 Herdsman
- ⚠️G. mastir n. “*shepherdess”
- ⚠️G. mathron n. “herd, herdsman, shepherd”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mavron “shepherd, herdsman”
- ᴺS. ^nethor “herd, flock”
- ᴺS. !mavron n. “shepherd, herdsman”
- ⚠️G. mothweg n. “shepherd”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mavron “shepherd, herdsman”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nethor n. “herd, flock”
- ⚠️G. nethron n. “herd”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nethor “herd, flock”
3.20 Cattle, Bovines
- ⚠️G. muin² n. “kine, cattle”
3.21 Bull
- S. mund n. “bull”
3.22 Ox, Steer
- ⚠️G. gagron n. “yoke ox, bullock”; see instead:
- S. mund “bull”
- ⚠️G. mû n. “ox”; see instead:
- S. mund “bull”
- ⚠️G. tarog n. “ox”; see instead:
- S. mund “bull”
3.23 Cow
- ᴺS. [G.] gach n. “cow”
- ⚠️G. maul n. “the lowing of cattle, bellowing”
- ⚠️G. muir n. “heifer”
- ⚠️G. mul- v. “to low, bellow”
- ⚠️G. mûm n. “lowing”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^munnost n. “byre, cowhouse”
- ⚠️G. mûs n. “cow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gach “cow”
- ⚠️G. mûst n. “byre, cowhouse”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^munnost “byre, cowhouse”
3.24 Calf
- ⚠️G. mugli n. “calf”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !munneg “calf”
- ᴺS. !munneg n. “calf”
3.25 Sheep
- ⚠️ᴺS. !bam [mb-] n. “sheep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maf “sheep”
- ᴺS. !maf n. “sheep”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !maw² n. “sheep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maf “sheep”
- ᴺS. ^maw¹ “soil, stain”
- ⚠️G. moth n. “sheep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maf “sheep”
3.26 Ram
- ᴺS. !poll n. “ram”
3.29 Lamb
- ⚠️G. iol n. “lamb”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ŷl “lamb”
- ⚠️G. iolinc n. “little lamb, lambkin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ŷl “lamb”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^ŷl n. “lamb”
3.34 Sow
- ⚠️G. graus n. “sow, *female pig”
3.35 Pig
- ⚠️G. hugin n. “young pig”
- ᴺS. [G.] hunc n. “pig”
3.36 Goat
- ᴺS. !naeag n. “goat”
3.41 Horse (generic)
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. brog n. “horse”; see instead:
- S. roch “horse”
- N. lobor n. “[heavy riding] horse”
- ⚠️G. lobros n. “steed, horse”; see instead:
- N. lobor “[heavy riding] horse”
- ⚠️G. †mair n. “horse”; see instead:
- S. roch “horse”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^raebroch n. “zebra”
- ⚠️G. raibrog n. “zebra”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raebroch “zebra”
- S., N. roch n. “horse”
- ᴺS. !rogol n. “saddle”
- ᴺS. [G.] tódhi n. “paddock”
- ⚠️ᴱN. u(r)vrog adj. “horseless”
3.44 Mare
- ⚠️ᴱN. bregil n. “mare”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^regil “mare”
- ⚠️G. bros(s) n. “mare”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^regil “mare”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^regil n. “mare”
3.51 Chicken (generic)
- ᴺS. [G.] porog n. “fowl (domestic), *chicken”
- ᴺS. [G.] porogog n. “the clucking and noise of fowls”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !prôg n. “fowl, hen”; see instead:
- ᴺS. porog “fowl (domestic), *chicken”
3.52 Cock, Rooster
- ᴺS. !holl n. “cock, cockerel, rooster”
3.54 Hen
- ᴺS. [G.] ^huil² n. “hen”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !hŷl n. “hen”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^huil² “hen”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^porochuil n. “hen”
- ⚠️G. porogwil n. “hen”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^porochuil “hen”
- ⚠️G. uil n. “hen”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^huil² “hen”
3.56 Goose
- N. gwaun n. “goose”
3.57 Duck
- ᴺS. !sommor n. “duck, waterfowl”
3.61 Dog
- ⚠️ᴱN. fan(d) n. “dog”; see instead:
- S. huan “great dog, hound”
- ⚠️G. gab- v. “to bark, bay (of dogs)”; see instead:
- N. gaw- “to howl”
- ⚠️G. gôbi n. “large hound”; see instead:
- S. huan “great dog, hound”
- S., N., G. hû² n. “hound, [N.] dog; ⚠️S. ?heart”
- S., N. huan n. “great dog, hound”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^huar n. “wild dog”
- ⚠️G. hûbi n. “hound”; see instead:
- S. huan “great dog, hound”
- ᴺS. [G.] huil¹ n. “bitch, *female dog”
- ⚠️N. rhŷn n. “chaser, hound of chase”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rŷn “chaser, hound of chase”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rŷn n. “chaser, hound of chase”
- ⚠️G. saur n. “hound, wild dog”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^huar “wild dog”
3.62 Cat
- ⚠️G. miaug n. “tomcat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. muig¹ “cat”
- ⚠️G. miaulin n. “she-cat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. muig¹ “cat”
- ⚠️G. miog n. “cat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. muig¹ “cat”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] muig¹ n. “cat”
3.63 Mouse, Rodent
- N. nâr n. “rat”
- ⚠️G. nig(la) n. “mouse”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nigol “mouse, (lit.) small one”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nigol n. “mouse, (lit.) small one”
- ᴺS. !pechof n. “squirrel”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !pegof n. “squirrel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pechof “squirrel”
3.64 Bird
- ᴺS. [G.] ^aedh n. “nest”
- ᴺS. !aemar n. “rookery, colony of birds”
- S., N. aew n. “(small) bird”
- S. #aewen adj. “of birds”
- ⚠️G. aidha n. “nest”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aedh “nest”
- ⚠️G. aigli n. “bird”; see instead:
- S. aew “(small) bird”
- ⚠️G. aivor n. “rookery, colony of birds”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !aemar “rookery, colony of birds”
- ⚠️ᴱN. aiw n. “bird”; see instead:
- S. aew “(small) bird”
- ⚠️G. bil n. “bird”; see instead:
- S. aew “(small) bird”
- ⚠️G. ciloba- v. “to twitter, chirp, chirrup”
- ⚠️G. end n. “birds nest”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aedh “nest”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^oetha- v. “to lay eggs, nest”
- ⚠️G. uitha- v. “to lay eggs, nest”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^oetha- “to lay eggs, nest”
3.641 Eagle, Hawk
- ⚠️G. inthorn n. “eagle’s nest, eyrie”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !thorombar “eagle’s nest, eyrie”
- ⚠️G. †ior n. “eagle”; see instead:
- S. thoron “eagle”
- ⚠️G. ioroth n. “eagle”; see instead:
- S. thoron “eagle”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. thorn n. “eagle”
- ᴺS. !thorombar n. “eagle’s nest, eyrie”
- S., N. thoron n. “eagle”
- ⚠️ᴱN. thrond n. “sky lord; [G.] (eyrie), pinnacle”; see instead:
- S. Thorondor “King of Eagles”
- ⚠️G. thrond n. “(eyrie), pinnacle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aegas “mountain peak”
- ᴺS. !thorombar “eagle’s nest, eyrie”
3.642 Crow, Raven
- N., ᴱN. corch n. “crow”
- S. craban n. “bird of crow-kind, *raven”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. crunc n. “crow”; see instead:
- N. corch “crow”
3.647 Gull, Petrel
- N. cuen n. “small gull, petrel, sea-bird”
- S., N. #maew n. “gull”
- ⚠️S. #mŷl n. “gull”; see instead:
- S. #maew “gull”
- N. †poen n. “small gull, petrel”
3.648 Swan
- ⚠️G. alfa n. “swan”; see instead:
- S. alph “swan”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^alfeg n. “cygnet, young swan”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^alfuil n. “large white sea-bird, albatross, ⚠️†swan”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. alfuilin n. “large white sea-bird, albatross, †swan”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^alfuil “large white sea-bird, albatross, ⚠️†swan”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. alph n. “swan”
- ⚠️ᴱN. elflin n. “cygnet, *young swan”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^alfeg “cygnet, young swan”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwanwen n. “swan”; see instead:
- S. alph “swan”
- ⚠️G. silwin n. “swan”; see instead:
- S. alph “swan”
3.649 Bird (other)
- ⚠️G. ammogrint adj. “red-breast[ed]”; see instead:
- ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
- ᴺS. [G.] amosgarn n. “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] amrent n. “lark”
- ⚠️G. amrint n. “lark”; see instead:
- ᴺS. amrent “lark”
- ⚠️G. bilin(c) n. “small bird, sparrow”; see instead:
- N. fileg “small bird, [G.] *sparrow”
- ⚠️G. cilobinc n. “robin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
- ⚠️G. crinthammos n. “robin, (lit.) red-breast”; see instead:
- ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
- N. cugu n. “dove”
- ⚠️G. duil² n. “swallow”; see instead:
- N. tuilinn “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. duilin n. “swallow”; see instead:
- N. tuilinn “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
- S., N. dúlin n. “nightingale”
- N. emlin n. “yellow bird, yellow hammer”
- N. fileg n. “small bird, [G.] *sparrow”
- S., N. flinc n. “finch”
- ⚠️G. glindwil n. “swallow”; see instead:
- N. tuilinn “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
- N. heledir(n) n. “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher”
- ᴺS. !laeglin(n) n. “greenfinch ”
- ⚠️N. merilin(n) n. “nightingale”; see instead:
- S. dúlin “nightingale”
- N., G. tavor n. “woodpecker, knocker; ⚠️[G.] wood fay”
- N. tuilinn n. “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urdhuilin adj. “without swallows”
3.65 Fish
- N. hâl n. “fish”
- ⚠️G. igli n. “young of fish, small fry”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !limmeg “young fish, small fry”
- ⚠️G. ing n. “fish”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lim “fish”
- ⚠️N. lhim n. “fish”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lim “fish”
- ⚠️N. lhimlug n. “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^limlug “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lim n. “fish”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^limlug n. “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”
- ᴺS. !limmeg n. “young fish, small fry”
- ᴺS. !torchal n. “shark or other large predatory fish”
3.71 Wolf
- ⚠️N. araf n. “wolf, dog”; see instead:
- N. garaf “wolf”
- S. baw² [mb-] n. “howling”
- S., N. draug n. “wolf”
- N. garaf [ng-] n. “wolf”
- N. gaul [ng-] n. “wolfhowl”
- S., N. gaur [ng-] n. “werewolf”
- N. gaw- [ng-] v. “to howl”
- N. gawad [ng-] adj. “howling”
- ⚠️G. harach n. “she-wolf”; see instead:
- N. garaf “wolf”
- ⚠️G. harog n. “wolf”; see instead:
- N. garaf “wolf”
- ⚠️N. ûn² n. “howl; groan”; see instead:
- S. baw² “howling”
- N. gaul “wolfhowl”
- ⚠️G. urc n. “wolf”; see instead:
- S. draug “wolf”
3.72 Lion
- ⚠️G. rau n. “lion”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raw² “lion”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^raw² n. “lion”
- ⚠️N. rhaw³ n. “lion”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raw² “lion”
3.73 Bear
- N. brôg n. “bear”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gorch n. “bear; fierce fighter”; see instead:
- N. brôg “bear”
- ⚠️S. graw n. “bear”; see instead:
- N. brôg “bear”
- ⚠️ᴱN. magli n. “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^medli “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^medli n. “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^medlin adj. “*bear-like”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^medlivorn n. “blackbear”
- ⚠️N. megli n. “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^medli “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”
- ⚠️N. meglin adj. “*bear-like”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^medlin “*bear-like”
- ⚠️N. meglivorn n. “blackbear”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^medlivorn “blackbear”
3.74 Fox
- ⚠️ᴺS. !rosg n. “fox”; see instead:
- S. rusc “fox”
- S. rusc n. “fox”
3.75 Deer
- S. aras n. “deer, hart, *stag”
- ᴺS. !celef n. “deer, hind”
3.77 Elephant
- N. annabon n. “elephant”
- ⚠️G. funt n. “elephant”; see instead:
- N. annabon “elephant”
3.79 to Hunt
- N. fara- v. “to hunt”
- ⚠️N. faras n. “hunting”; see instead:
- S. faroth “*hunting”
- N. #faron n. “hunter”
- S. faroth n. “*hunting”
- N. feredir n. “hunter”
- ᴺS. !feredis n. “hunter (f.)”
- ⚠️G. raust n. “hunt, chase”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rui “hunt, hunting, *chase”
- ⚠️N. rewinion n. “of the hunters”; see instead:
- S. faroth “*hunting”
- N. #faron “hunter”
- ⚠️N. rhui(w) n. “hunt, hunting”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rui “hunt, hunting, *chase”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rui n. “hunt, hunting, *chase”
3.81 Insect
- ⚠️G. fufril n. “moth”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fyvril “moth”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^fyvril n. “moth”
- ᴺS. [G.] gwef n. “louse”
- ⚠️G. gwilbrin n. “butterfly”; see instead:
- N. gwilwileth “butterfly”
- ⚠️G. gwilbriniol adj. “like a butterfly”
- N. gwilwileth n. “butterfly”
- ᴺS. !píeg n. “mosquito”
3.811 Spider
- ⚠️G. cing(win) n. “spider”; see instead:
- S. ungol “spider”
- ⚠️G. gung n. “spider”; see instead:
- S. ungol “spider”
- ⚠️G. gwaidhin n. “web”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhing “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
- ⚠️G. gwidh-a-ging n. “cobweb”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhing “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhing n. “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhingril n. “spider”
- N. nath n. “web”
- N. nathron n. “weaver, webster”
- ⚠️N. thling n. “spider, spider’s web, cobweb”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhing “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
- ⚠️N. thlingril n. “spider”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhingril “spider”
- S., N. ungol n. “spider”
- ⚠️G. ungwi n. “spider”; see instead:
- S. ungol “spider”
3.82 Bee
- ⚠️ᴱN. glinui n. “honey-bee”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
- ⚠️G. niogrim n. “swarm”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^niwrim “swarm”
- ⚠️G. nio(s) n. “bee”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
- ⚠️G. niost n. “hive”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^níwost “hive”
- ⚠️G. niosturwin n. “queen bee”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^nîw n. “bee”
- ⚠️ᴱN. niw n. “*bee”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
- ⚠️G. niwin n. “female bee”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^níwost n. “hive”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^niwrim n. “swarm”
- ⚠️ᴱN. nui n. “bee”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
3.83 Fly (n)
- S. budhu n. “large fly”
- ᴺS. !budhulug n. “dragonfly”
- ᴺS. [S.] ^cafor n. “flea”
- ⚠️S. cáfru n. “?flea”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cafor “flea”
- ⚠️ᴱN. caifr n. “flea”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cafor “flea”
- ⚠️G. sitha¹ n. “fly”; see instead:
- S. budhu “large fly”
- ⚠️G. sithagong n. “dragonfly”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !budhulug “dragonfly”
- ⚠️G. sithaling n. “fly snake, dragonfly”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !budhulug “dragonfly”
3.84 Worm
- ᴺS. [G.] gwem n. “worm”
- ⚠️G. gwembel n. “weevil”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwemmel “weevil”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gwemmel n. “weevil”
- S. leweg n. “worm”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhiw n. “worm”; see instead:
- S. leweg “worm”
- ⚠️G. tereg n. “worm”; see instead:
- S. leweg “worm”
3.85 Snake
- N. am- pref. “snake”
- ⚠️G. fent n. “snake”; see instead:
- S. lŷg “snake”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lamthanc n. “snake, *(lit.) forked tongue”; see instead:
- S. lŷg “snake”
- S., N. lhûg n. “reptile, snake, serpent, worm, *lizard; [N.] dragon”
- ⚠️G. ling n. “small snake”; see instead:
- S. lŷg “snake”
- ⚠️G. lingos n. “snake”; see instead:
- S. lŷg “snake”
- ⚠️G. lûg n. “snake”; see instead:
- S. lhûg “reptile, snake, serpent, worm, *lizard; [N.] dragon”
- S. lŷg n. “snake”
3.99 Animals (other)
- N. cabor n. “frog”
- ⚠️G. cwildred n. “bat (animal)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pillor “bat (animal)”
- ⚠️G. doldrin [nd-] n. “mole”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dolph “mole”
- ⚠️G. dolfa [nd-] n. “mole”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dolph “mole”
- ⚠️G. dolmeg [nd-] n. “mole”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dolph “mole”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^dolph [nd-] n. “mole”
- ᴺS. !eriab n. “badger”
- ⚠️S. felagund n. “den-dweller; brock, badger”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !eriab “badger”
- ᴺS. !gwimmaf n. “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”
- ᴺS. [G.] laboth n. “hare, *rabbit”
- ⚠️G. meg n. “any small animal; (esp.) mole”
- ᴺS. !pillor n. “bat (animal)”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !thindrostir n. “badger”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !eriab “badger”
- ⚠️G. uimoth n. “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwimmaf “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”
- ⚠️G. uin n. “whale, †wave”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwimmaf “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”
4.
Body Parts and Functions
- 4.11 Body
- 4.12 Skin, Hide
- 4.13 Flesh
- 4.14 Hair
- 4.142 Beard
- 4.143 Hair (other)
- 4.15 Blood
- 4.16 Bone
- 4.17 Horn (animal)
- 4.18 Tail
- 4.19 Back
- 4.20 Head
- 4.202 Skull
- 4.204 Face
- 4.206 Eyebrow
- 4.207 Jaw
- 4.208 Cheek
- 4.209 Chin
- 4.21 Eye
- 4.212 Sharpeyed
- 4.22 Ear
- 4.23 Nose
- 4.24 Mouth
- 4.25 Lip
- 4.26 Tongue
- 4.27 Tooth
- 4.28 Neck
- 4.29 Throat
- 4.30 Shoulder
- 4.31 Arm
- 4.32 Elbow
- 4.33 Hand
- 4.332 Hand (other)
- 4.34 Finger
- 4.342 Thumb
- 4.35 Leg
- 4.36 Knee
- 4.37 Foot
- 4.38 Toe
- 4.39 Nail, Claw
- 4.392 Wing
- 4.393 Feather
- 4.40 Front of Chest
- 4.41 Breast of Woman
- 4.44 Heart
- 4.45 Liver
- 4.46 Belly, Stomach
- 4.47 Womb
- 4.48 Egg
- 4.49 Testicle
- 4.492 Penis
- 4.51 to Breathe; Breath
- 4.53 to Cough
- 4.56 to Spit
- 4.57 to Vomit
- 4.58 to Bite
- 4.59 to Lick
- 4.61 to Sleep; Sleep
- 4.62 Dream
- 4.63 to Wake
- 4.65 to Urinate; Urine
- 4.66 to Void Excrement; Dung, Excrement
- 4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse
- 4.71 to Beget (of Father)
- 4.72 to Bear (of Mother)
- 4.73 Pregnant
- 4.732 to Conceive
- 4.74 to Live; Living; Life
- 4.742 Immortal
- 4.75 to Die; Dead; Death
- 4.76 to Kill
- 4.77 Corpse, Body
- 4.79 Grave, Tomb
- 4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful
- 4.82 Weak, Infirm
- 4.83 Well; Health
- 4.84 Sick; Sickness
- 4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded
- 4.86 to Cure, Heal
- 4.87 Physician
- 4.88 Medicine, Drug
- 4.89 Poison
- 4.91 Tired, Weary
- 4.93 Bald
- 4.94 Lame
- 4.96 Dumb
- 4.97 Blind
- 4.98 Drunk
- 4.99 Naked, Bare
4.11 Body
- ⚠️G. baul n. “body, trunk”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !polch “trunk, torso”
- ᴺS. !polch n. “trunk, torso”
- S. rhond n. “body”
4.12 Skin, Hide
- ⚠️G. dafros n. “bark, skin, peel”; see instead:
- S. #flâd “skin”
- S. #rîf “bark”
- ⚠️G. dauth n. “skin, hide”; see instead:
- S. #flâd “skin”
- N. helf “fur, *hide”
- ⚠️G. dôf n. “hide, skin”; see instead:
- N. helf “fur, *hide”
- S. #flâd “skin”
- S. #flâd n. “skin”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwadh n. “bark, skin, peel”; see instead:
- S. #flâd “skin”
- S. #rîf “bark”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orwadh adj. “barkless”
- ⚠️G. past n. “skin”; see instead:
- S. #flâd “skin”
- ⚠️G. path n. “peel, skin of fruit, fine bark (paper)”
4.13 Flesh
- ⚠️G. cwim(ri) n. “body, flesh”; see instead:
- S. rhond “body”
- S. rhaw² “flesh, ⚠️body”
- ⚠️G. harc n. “flesh (on a living body)”; see instead:
- S. rhaw² “flesh, ⚠️body”
- S. rhaw² n. “flesh, ⚠️body”
4.14 Hair
- ⚠️G. faigli n. “hair, long tresses”; see instead:
- S. fing “lock of hair”
- ⚠️G. faiglim adj. “having long hair”; see instead:
- S. finnel “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; ⚠️[N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress”
- ⚠️G. faiglion adj. “having long hair”; see instead:
- S. finnel “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; ⚠️[N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress”
- S. fîn n. “(single) hair, filament”
- S., ᴱN., G. find n. “tress, [ON.] lock of hair; [ᴱN.] hair (in general); ⚠️[S.] single hair”
- S. fing n. “lock of hair”
- ⚠️G. fingl n. “tress”; see instead:
- S. fing “lock of hair”
- S., N., G. finnel n. and adj. “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; ⚠️[N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress”
- ⚠️ᴱN. fîr n. “a hair”; see instead:
- S. fîn “(single) hair, filament”
- ⚠️G. fith (fidh-) n. “single hair”; see instead:
- S. fîn “(single) hair, filament”
4.142 Beard
- S., N., ᴱN., G. fang n. “beard, ⚠️[G.] long beard”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orfang adj. “beardless”
- ⚠️G. pau n. “a beard”; see instead:
- S. fang “beard, ⚠️[G.] long beard”
4.143 Hair (other)
- ⚠️G. cingra adj. “plaited”
- ⚠️G. cingra- v. “to plait”
- ⚠️G. cingrafindl n. “pigtail”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwirfin “braid, pigtail, (lit.) woven-tress”
- N. fast n. “shaggy hair”
- ᴺS. !fastui n. “shaggy, hairy, hirsute”
- ⚠️G. fidhra n. “collective hair”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fidhras “collective hair, *all hair on the body”
- ⚠️G. fidhrad adj. “hairy, hirsute”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !fastui “shaggy, hairy, hirsute”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^fidhras n. “collective hair, *all hair on the body”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^fidhren adj. “having hair, -haired”
- ⚠️G. #fidhrin adj. “haired”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fidhren “having hair, -haired”
- S. gwain² adj. “blond”
- ⚠️S. gwân adj. “pale, fair”; see instead:
- S. gwain² “blond”
- S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
- ᴺS. !gwirfin n. “braid, pigtail, (lit.) woven-tress”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^laus n. “ringlet”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loch “ringlet”
- ⚠️N. lhaws n. “ringlet”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^laus “ringlet”
- ⚠️N. lhoch n. “ringlet”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loch “ringlet”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^loch n. “ringlet”
- ⚠️G. logrifidhrin adj. “curly haired”
- ⚠️G. mairos n. “mane, long hair”
- ᴺS. !merifind adj. “Black-haired”
- ⚠️G. taus adj. “shaggy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !fastui “shaggy, hairy, hirsute”
4.15 Blood
- ⚠️S. #agar n. “blood”; see instead:
- S. sereg “blood”
- ⚠️G. carna n. “gore, blood (especially fresh blood)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. mechor “gore”
- S. sereg “blood”
- ⚠️N. iâr n. “blood”; see instead:
- S. sereg “blood”
- ⚠️G. †mais n. “gore”; see instead:
- ᴺS. mechor “gore”
- ᴺS. [G.] mechor n. “gore”
- S. sereg n. “blood”
4.16 Bone
- ⚠️ᴺS. !ach n. “bone”; see instead:
- ᴺS. asg “bone; ⚠️[G.] stone of fruit”
- S. ach¹ “neck, *(upper) spine”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. asg n. “bone; ⚠️[G.] stone of fruit”
- ᴺS. !asgath n. “skeleton”
- ⚠️ᴱN. asgatheb adj. “bony”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^asgeb “bony”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^asgeb adj. “bony”
- ⚠️G. hûn n. “bone”; see instead:
- ᴱN. asg “bone; ⚠️[G.] stone of fruit”
- ⚠️G. huniol adj. “bony, rawboned”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^asgeb “bony”
- ⚠️G. lempachùn n. “wishbone”
4.17 Horn (animal)
- N. half n. “seashell”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^rasg n. “horn”; see instead:
- S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
- S. rasg “wain, *wagon”
- S. rass n. “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
- ⚠️N. rhas n. “horn [of both animals and mountains]”; see instead:
- S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
- ⚠️N. rhasg n. “horn”; see instead:
- S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
- ⚠️G. târ n. “horn”; see instead:
- N. tarag “horn; steep mountain peak”
- S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
- N. tarag n. “horn; steep mountain peak”
4.18 Tail
- ⚠️ᴺS. !pim n. “tail”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pimp “tail”
- ᴺS. !pimp n. “tail”
4.19 Back
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. alm n. “back (from shoulder to shoulder), [G.] shoulders”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^galf “back [of a body], shoulders [collectively]”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bost [mb-] n. “back from shoulder to shoulder”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^galf “back [of a body], shoulders [collectively]”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^galf n. “back [of a body], shoulders [collectively]”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hach n. “the hams, buttocks”
- ⚠️G. hacha n. “the hams, buttocks”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hach “the hams, buttocks”
4.20 Head
- ⚠️N. dôl [nd-] n. “head, hill”; see instead:
- S. dol(l) “head, hill”
- S. dol(l) n. “head, hill”
- ⚠️ᴱN. nod n. “head”; see instead:
- S. dol(l) “head, hill”
- ⚠️G. nôl n. “head”; see instead:
- S. dol(l) “head, hill”
4.202 Skull
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. cas n. “skull, [G.] head”; see instead:
- ᴺS. corob “skull”
- S. dol(l) “head, hill”
- ᴺS. [G.] corob n. “skull”
4.204 Face
- ⚠️ᴱN. annas n. “face, countenance”; see instead:
- S. thîr “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”
- ⚠️G. gwint n. “face”; see instead:
- S. thîr “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”
- S., N. thîr n. “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”
4.206 Eyebrow
- ᴺS. !hendelu n. “brow”
4.207 Jaw
- N. anc n. “jaw, row of teeth”
- S., N. carach n. “jaws, rows of teeth”
- ⚠️G. gag n. “jaw”; see instead:
- N. anc “jaw, row of teeth”
- N. naew n. “jaw”
4.208 Cheek
- N. crann adj. and n. “ruddy (of face); blush, the cheeks, ⚠️face”
4.209 Chin
- ⚠️G. bectha n. “tip; chin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bened “chin”
- ⚠️G. beg n. “chin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bened “chin”
- ᴺS. !bened n. “chin”
4.21 Eye
- S., N., ᴱN., G. hen(d) n. “eye”
- ⚠️G. thed n. “eye; bud”; see instead:
- S. hen(d) “eye”
- N. tui “sprout, bud”
4.212 Sharpeyed
- S. maecheneb adj. “sharp-eye[d]”
4.22 Ear
- S. lheweg n. “ear”
- ⚠️N. lhewig n. “ear”; see instead:
- S. lheweg “ear”
- ⚠️G. unc² n. “ear, handle (of a jar)”; see instead:
- S. lheweg “ear”
4.23 Nose
- ᴺS. [N.] ^bond [mb-] adj. “snouted”
- ⚠️N. #bon(n) [mb-] adj. “snouted”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bond “snouted”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^bund [mb-] n. “snout, nose; cape [of land]”
- ⚠️N. bunn [mb-] n. “snout, nose; cape [of land]”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bund “snout, nose; cape [of land]”
- ⚠️G. crug n. “beak (espec. of a ship)”
- ⚠️G. hunt n. “nose, nostrils, snout”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^sunt “nostrils”
- ⚠️G. irt n. “beak (of small birds)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^irth “beak”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^irth n. “beak”
- N. nem n. “nose”
- ⚠️ᴱN. neth n. “nose”; see instead:
- N. nem “nose”
- ⚠️G. nûn n. “a nose (of men only)”; see instead:
- N. nem “nose”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^sunt n. “nostrils”
4.24 Mouth
- ᴺS. !gobem n. “mouth”
- ⚠️G. gogail n. “mouth”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gobem “mouth”
- ⚠️G. mem n. “mouth”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gobem “mouth”
- ⚠️G. môl n. “the (inside of the) mouth”
4.25 Lip
- ⚠️G. cail n. “lip”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pemp “lip”
- ᴺS. !pemp n. “lip”
4.26 Tongue
- S. lammen adj. “of tongue, spoken with tongue”
4.27 Tooth
- ⚠️G. carc n. “jag, point, fang”; see instead:
- S. carch “fang, ⚠️[N.] tooth”
- S., N. carch n. “fang, ⚠️[N.] tooth”
- ⚠️G. gomol n. “the teeth, two rows of teeth”; see instead:
- S. carach “jaws, rows of teeth”
- ⚠️G. molnaith n. “molar”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^molnel “molar”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^molnel n. “molar”
- ⚠️G. nacthanaith n. “incisor (tooth)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nagnel “incisor (tooth)”
- ⚠️N. naes n. “tooth”; see instead:
- N. neleg “tooth”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nagnel n. “incisor (tooth)”
- ⚠️N. #nagol n. “tooth”; see instead:
- N. neleg “tooth”
- ⚠️G. naith n. “tooth”; see instead:
- N. neleg “tooth”
- N. nêl n. “tooth”
- N. neleg n. “tooth”
- ⚠️G. sanc n. “jag, tooth”; see instead:
- S. carch “fang, ⚠️[N.] tooth”
4.28 Neck
- S. ach¹ n. “neck, *(upper) spine”
- ⚠️G. gath¹ n. “neck”; see instead:
- S. ach¹ “neck, *(upper) spine”
- N. iaeth n. “neck”
- S. lang n. “passage; neck, *throat”
4.29 Throat
- ⚠️G. cwerc n. “throat”; see instead:
- S. lang “passage; neck, *throat”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gara n. “throat”; see instead:
- S. lang “passage; neck, *throat”
- ⚠️G. glod n. “gullet, throat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhunc “pharynx, gullet”
- ⚠️G. glonta- v. “to swallow, gulp, devour”
- ⚠️ᴱN. griw n. “alimentary canel”
- ⚠️N. lhanc n. “throat”; see instead:
- S. lang “passage; neck, *throat”
- ᴺS. !lhunc “pharynx, gullet”
- ᴺS. !lhog- n. “to swallow”
- ᴺS. !lhunc n. “pharynx, gullet”
- ⚠️G. loda- v. “to swallow, gulp down”
4.30 Shoulder
- ⚠️G. alan n. “shoulder”; see instead:
- ᴺS. amoth “shoulder”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] amoth n. “shoulder”
- ⚠️G. egelmion adj. “broadshouldered”
- ⚠️G. rôma n. “shoulder”
4.31 Arm
- ⚠️G. †râ n. “arm, strength”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^ranc n. “arm”
- ⚠️G. rath n. “the full arm, the extent of one’s arm, one’s reach; a measure = 2 feet”
- ⚠️N. rhanc n. “arm”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”
4.32 Elbow
- ᴺS. [G.] crig n. “elbow”
4.33 Hand
- S., N. cam n. “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful”
- S. dond n. “fist”
- ⚠️G. gob n. “hollow of hand”; see instead:
- S. cam “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. mâb n. “hand, ⚠️[N.] grasp”
- S. †maw n. “hand”
- ⚠️G. mô n. “hand”; see instead:
- S. †maw “hand”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orvab adj. “handless”
- S., N. paur n. “fist, closed hand”
4.332 Hand (other)
- ⚠️G. amabwed adj. “having hands”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”
- ⚠️N. camland n. “palm of hand”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^camlann “palm of hand”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^camlann n. “palm of hand”
- ⚠️N. dalf n. “palm of hand”; see instead:
- S. plad “palm, flat of the hand”
- N., G. drambor n. “clenched fist; blow with a fist; ⚠️[G.] thudder”
- ⚠️G. mablad n. “palm of the hand”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^camlann “palm of hand”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^mabren adj. “handed, having hands, dextrous”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^mabrenas n. “dexterity”
- ⚠️G. mabrin(d) n. “wrist”; see instead:
- S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
- ⚠️G. mabwed adj. “handed, having hands, dextrous”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”
- ⚠️G. mabwedri n. “dexterity”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mabrenas “dexterity”
- ⚠️G. mavlant n. “*palm (of hand)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^camlann “palm of hand”
- S. molif n. “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
- S. plad n. “palm, flat of the hand”
4.34 Finger
- ⚠️G. alepthog adj. “fingered, having fingers”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
- ⚠️G. alewthion adj. “having fingers”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
- S. lebdas n. “index finger”
- S. lebenedh n. “middle finger”
- S. lebent n. “fourth finger”
- S. leber n. “finger”
- ᴺS. !leberen adj. “fingered, of fingers”
- S. lebig n. “little finger”
- ⚠️G. lemfadrin adj. and n. “of the finger; ring”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
- ⚠️G. lemp¹ n. “crooked finger; little finger”; see instead:
- S. lebig “little finger”
- ⚠️G. leptha n. “finger”; see instead:
- S. leber “finger”
- ⚠️G. lepthadrin adj. “fingered, of fingers”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhê n. “finger”; see instead:
- S. leber “finger”
- ⚠️N. lhebed n. “finger”; see instead:
- S. leber “finger”
- S. niged n. “little finger”
- S. tas n. “index finger”
- S. toleg n. “*sticker-up”
4.342 Thumb
- ⚠️S. lebed n. “thumb”; see instead:
- S. naub “thumb”
- S. naub n. “thumb”
- S. nobad n. “thumb and index finger as a pair, *(lit.) pickers”
4.35 Leg
- ⚠️G. bactha n. “leg”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !teleg “leg”
- ⚠️N. nô n. “thigh”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tŷg “thigh”
- ᴺS. !teleg n. “leg”
- ⚠️ᴱN. túd n. “thigh”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tŷg “thigh”
- ᴺS. !tŷg n. “thigh”
4.36 Knee
- ⚠️G. octha n. “knee”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ogod “knee”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^ogod n. “knee”
4.37 Foot
- ⚠️G. grinn n. “ankle, wrist”; see instead:
- S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
- ᴺS. !tallif “ankle”
- ⚠️ᴱN. #methal n. “footstep”
- N. pôd n. “animal’s foot”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rein n. “slot, spoor, track, footprint”
- ⚠️N. rhein n. “slot, spoor, track, footprint”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rein “slot, spoor, track, footprint”
- S., N., G. tâl n. “foot; [lower] end”
- ⚠️G. talgrin(d) n. “ankle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tallif “ankle”
- ᴺS. !tallif n. “ankle”
- ᴺS. !talphad n. “footstep”
- ⚠️G. taltha n. “foot (of things), base, pedestal, pediment”; see instead:
- S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
- ⚠️ᴱN. taul n. “foot”; see instead:
- S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
- ⚠️N. tellen n. “sole of foot”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tellyn “sole of foot”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^tellyn n. “sole of foot”
4.38 Toe
- ᴺS. [G.] tent n. “toe”
4.39 Nail, Claw
- ⚠️G. clam(p) n. “grasp, claw”; see instead:
- S. gamp “hook, crook; [N.] claw”
- ᴺS. manc “grip, grasp, hold”
- ⚠️G. cog n. “claw, fist”
4.392 Wing
- ⚠️G. bascovas n. “flapping and beating (especially of wings)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !blabed “flapping, beating (especially of wings)”
- ⚠️G. basga- v. “to flap”; see instead:
- N. #blab- “to flap, beat (wings etc.)”
- ⚠️G. bass n. “wing, pinion”; see instead:
- S. raw “wing”
- S. roval “winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”
- N. #blab- v. “to flap, beat (wings etc.)”
- ᴺS. !blabed n. “flapping, beating (especially of wings)”
- ⚠️G. ram n. “wing, pinion”; see instead:
- S. raw “wing”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^ravn n. “wing (horn), extended point at side”
- S. raw n. “wing”
- ⚠️N. rhafn n. “wing (horn), extended point at side”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ravn “wing (horn), extended point at side”
- ⚠️N. rhofal n. “pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”; see instead:
- S. roval “winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”
- S. roval adj. and n. “winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”
4.393 Feather
- ⚠️G. cwathli n. “plume, spray, tassel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pesson “plume, (great) feather”
- ⚠️G. pectha n. “plume”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pess² “feather”
- ⚠️G. pecthon n. “plume, feather”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pesson “plume, (great) feather”
- ᴺS. !pess² n. “feather”
- ᴺS. !pesson n. “plume, (great) feather”
- ⚠️G. tuf n. “down, fluff”
- ⚠️G. tufrin adj. “fluffy”
4.40 Front of Chest
- ⚠️G. am² n. “breast, front (chest)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
- ⚠️ᴱN. am(b) n. “breast”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. ammos n. “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
4.41 Breast of Woman
- ⚠️ᴺS. !sûf n. “bosom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] tith n. “breast [of a woman], teat”
4.44 Heart
- ⚠️G. elf n. “heart”; see instead:
- S. ind “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart [metaphorical], [N.] inner thought, meaning”
- ⚠️G. honn n. “heart”; see instead:
- N. hûn “heart (physical)”
- S. hûn n. “*heart”
- N. hûn n. “heart (physical)”
- ⚠️G. ilf n. “heart”; see instead:
- S. ind “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart [metaphorical], [N.] inner thought, meaning”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhonn n. “heart”; see instead:
- N. hûn “heart (physical)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urhonn adj. “heartless”
4.45 Liver
- ᴺS. [G.] rôn n. “liver”
4.46 Belly, Stomach
- ᴺS. !com adj. “bellied”
- ᴺS. !cum n. “belly”
- ⚠️G. fam n. “fat belly, paunch”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !cum “belly”
- ⚠️G. famfolc adj. “fat-bellied”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !túgom “fat-bellied”
- ⚠️ᴱN. girdh n. “entrails, bowels, inwards”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^irdh “entrails, bowels, innards”
- ᴺS. !iâd¹ n. “waist; isthmus”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^irdh n. “entrails, bowels, innards”
4.47 Womb
- ⚠️ᴱN. huch n. “cunnus, *vagina”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^puch “cunnus, vagina”
- ᴺS. !mûn n. “womb”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^puch n. “cunnus, vagina”
4.48 Egg
- ᴺS. [G.] och n. “egg”
4.49 Testicle
- ⚠️G. gwaith² (gwaith-) n. “semen”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !milt “semen”
- ᴺS. !milt n. “semen”
4.492 Penis
- ⚠️ᴱN. †gwî n. “teors, *penis”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwîb “penis”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^gwîb n. “penis”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwib n. “teors, *penis”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwîb “penis”
4.51 to Breathe; Breath
- S. faw n. “*breath, puff of breath”
- ⚠️G. fest n. “breath, breathing”; see instead:
- N. thûl “breath”
- ⚠️G. festa- v. “to breath[e]”; see instead:
- N. thuia- “to breathe”
- ⚠️G. feth n. “one breath”; see instead:
- S. faw “*breath, puff of breath”
- N. thuia- v. “to breathe”
- N. thûl n. “breath”
- ⚠️G. ufestog adj. “breathless”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !úthúlui “breathless”
- ᴺS. !úthúlui adj. “breathless”
4.53 to Cough
- ᴺS. !tosta- v. “to cough”
4.56 to Spit
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. crech n. “spittle”
- ⚠️G. crectha- v. “to spit”; see instead:
- N. puia- “to spit”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hist- v. “to spit”; see instead:
- N. puia- “to spit”
- N. puia- v. “to spit”
4.57 to Vomit
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] hich- v. “to vomit”
4.58 to Bite
- ⚠️G. nactha- v. “bite”; see instead:
- N. nag- “to bite; ⚠️[G.] to chew, gnaw”
- N., G. nag- v. “to bite; ⚠️[G.] to chew, gnaw”
- ᴺS. [G.] nanc n. “bite”
- S., N. narch adj. “bitter-biting”
4.59 to Lick
- ᴺS. [S.], N. laudh n. “gluttonous eating, [N.] †licking up (food or drink)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lav- v. “to lick”
- ᴺS. [G.] lavra- v. “to lap (of animals), suck up”
- ᴺS. !lhab n. “sip”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lhab- v. “to sup, *sip, ⚠️suck, lap up”
- ⚠️N. #lhav- v. “to lick”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lav- “to lick”
- ⚠️G. thlib- v. “to sup, lap up, suck”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhab- “to sup, *sip, ⚠️suck, lap up”
4.61 to Sleep; Sleep
- ⚠️N. chwîn n. “giddiness, faintness”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwîn “giddiness, faintness”
- ⚠️G. hum- v. “to sleep, drowze”; see instead:
- ᴺS. lor- “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
- ⚠️G. hûm n. “sleep, slumber”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lûr “sleep, slumber”
- ⚠️G. humiol adj. “sleepy, drowzy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !olost “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hwîn n. “giddiness, faintness”
- ⚠️N. lhorn² adj. “asleep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lorn “asleep”
- ⚠️N. lhûr n. “slumber”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lûr “sleep, slumber”
- ᴺS. [G.] lor- v. “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lorn adj. “asleep”
- ᴺS. [G.] lortha- v. “to put to sleep, send to sleep”
- ⚠️G. lorwen n. “slumber, sleep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lûr “sleep, slumber”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !losta-² v. “to sleep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. lor- “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lûr n. “sleep, slumber”
- ⚠️G. mur- v. “*to slumber, sleep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. lor- “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
4.62 Dream
- S. ?fanwos n. “mind-picture (of apparition in dream)”
- ⚠️G. lorc adj. “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !olost “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”
- ⚠️G. maur n. “dream, vision”; see instead:
- N. ôl “dream”
- ⚠️G. murc n. “a nightmare, vision of the night”
- ⚠️G. murtha- v. “to dream”; see instead:
- N. oltha- “to dream; ⚠️[G.] to appear as an apparition”
- N. ôl n. “dream”
- ⚠️G. olm n. “dream”; see instead:
- N. ôl “dream”
- ⚠️G. olma- v. “to dream”; see instead:
- N. oltha- “to dream; ⚠️[G.] to appear as an apparition”
- ᴺS. !olost adj. “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”
- ⚠️G. oloth n. “dream, apparition, vision”; see instead:
- N. ôl “dream”
- S. auth “dim shape, spectral or vague apparition”
- N., G. oltha- v. “to dream; ⚠️[G.] to appear as an apparition”
- ᴺS. !olui adj. “dreamy”
4.63 to Wake
- ⚠️G. bractha- v. “to refresh; to revive, arouse, awaken”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !laeda- “to refresh, revive”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cuivros n. “awakening”; see instead:
- S. echui “awakening”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^cui(w) adj. “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
- ⚠️G. cwim adj. “awake, alert, alive”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cui(w) “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
- ⚠️G. cwimp adj. “alert, vigilant”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cui(w) “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
- ⚠️G. cwiv- v. “to be awake”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cui(w) “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
- ⚠️G. cwivra- v. “to awaken (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !echuia- “to awaken, wake up (intr.)”
- ⚠️G. cwivros n. “awakening”; see instead:
- S. echui “awakening”
- S., N. echui n. “awakening”
- ᴺS. !echuia- v. “to awaken, wake up (intr.)”
- ᴺS. !echuida- v. “to wake up (trans.), waken, rouse”
4.65 to Urinate; Urine
- ⚠️G. fafli n. “bladder”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !faul¹ “bladder, (orig.) inflated thing”
- ᴺS. !faul¹ n. “bladder, (orig.) inflated thing”
- ⚠️G. pigla- v. “to make urine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !saera- “to urinate”
- ⚠️G. piglin n. “urine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !saerlin “urine”
- ᴺS. !saera- v. “to urinate”
- ᴺS. !saerlin n. “urine”
4.66 to Void Excrement; Dung, Excrement
- ⚠️G. gorn n. “dung”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mûg “dung”
- ᴺS. !mûg n. “dung”
4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse
- ⚠️ᴱN. hoith n. “coitus, *sex”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^puith “coitus, *sex”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hoitha- v. “*to have sex (with)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^puitha- “*to have sex (with)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hug- v. “futuere, *to copulate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pog- “futuere, *to copulate, have sex”
- ⚠️ᴱN. huigion n. “fututor, *one who copulates”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pogron “fututor, *one who copulates”
- N. îr n. “*sexual desire”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pog- v. “futuere, *to copulate, have sex”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pogron n. “fututor, *one who copulates”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^puith n. “coitus, *sex”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^puitha- v. “*to have sex (with)”
4.71 to Beget (of Father)
- N. edonna- v. “to beget”
- ⚠️G. gaibra- v. “to impregnate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gýda- “to impregnate, make pregant”
- ⚠️G. gwectha- v. “to impregnate, generate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gýda- “to impregnate, make pregant”
- ᴺS. !gýda- v. “to impregnate, make pregant”
4.72 to Bear (of Mother)
- ⚠️ᴱN. bodamrost n. “resurrection”
- ᴺS. !enia- v. “to be born, be generated, result”
- ⚠️G. nôs n. “birthday; nature”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !oronnad “birthday”
- ⚠️G. nost n. “birth; blood, high birth; birthday”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !onnad “birth”
- ⚠️G. nosta- v. “to be born”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !enia- “to be born, be generated, result”
- ⚠️G. nosteg adj. “birth”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !onnad “birth”
- ⚠️G. nuin adj. “born”; see instead:
- S. #onnen “born”
- S., N. #onna- v. “*to birth, give birth to”
- ᴺS. !onnad n. “birth”
- S. #onnen adj. “born”
- ᴺS. !oronnad n. “birthday”
4.73 Pregnant
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gaew adj. “pregnant”
- ⚠️G. gaiw adj. “pregnant”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gaew “pregnant”
- ⚠️G. gioth n. “germ, foetus, embryon”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gŷth “germ, foetus, embryon”
- ⚠️G. giothrin adj. “embryonic”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gythren “embryonic”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gŷth n. “germ, foetus, embryon”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gythren adj. “embryonic”
4.732 to Conceive
- ᴺS. [G.] ^aliavren adj. “barren”
- ⚠️G. giol adj. “fecund; conceiving, having conceived, just pregnant”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gŷl “fecund; conceiving, having conceived, just pregnant”
- ⚠️G. giothra- v. “to germinate, be conceived”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gythra- “to germinate, be conceived”
- ⚠️G. gwivrin adj. “barren”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aliavren “barren”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gŷl adj. “fecund; conceiving, having conceived, just pregnant”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gythra- v. “to germinate, be conceived”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^iavren adj. “fertile”
- ⚠️G. ilgiol adj. “barren”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aliavren “barren”
- ⚠️G. ilgioth n. “sterility”
- ⚠️G. ivrin adj. “fertile”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^iavren “fertile”
- ⚠️G. uivrin adj. “barren”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aliavren “barren”
4.74 to Live; Living; Life
- S., N. #cuia- v. “to live”
- ⚠️G. cuib adj. “alive”; see instead:
- N. cuin “alive”
- ⚠️G. cuibri n. “vitality”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cuinas “vitality, liveliness”
- ᴺS. !cuida- v. “to bring to life, enliven, energize”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cuif (cuiv-) adj. “alive”; see instead:
- N. cuin “alive”
- N., ᴱN., G. cuil n. “life, [G.] lifetime”
- ⚠️G. cuilborn n. “lifetime”; see instead:
- ᴺS. cuilvorn “lifetime”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^cuileb adj. “lively, ⚠️alive”
- ⚠️G. cuilog adj. “alive, lively”; see instead:
- N. cuin “alive”
- ᴺS. ^cuileb “lively, ⚠️alive”
- ⚠️G. cuilogri n. “liveliness”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cuinas “vitality, liveliness”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] cuilvorn n. “lifetime”
- N. cuin adj. “alive”
- S., N. #cuina- v. “to be alive”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^cuinas n. “vitality, liveliness”
- ᴺS. [G.] cuith n. “[biological process of] life, the vital principle; ⚠️living body”
- ⚠️G. cuitha- v. “to live, be alive”; see instead:
- S. #cuina- “to be alive”
- S. #cuia- “to live”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^cuithas n. “life (period of life); living, livelihood”
- ⚠️G. cuithos n. “life (period of life); living, livelihood”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cuithas “life (period of life); living, livelihood”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !echuira- v. “to come to life”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !echuiru- “to come to life”
- ᴺS. !echuiru- v. “to come to life”
- ⚠️G. laug adj. “(of plants) alive, having sap, green, vigorous”; see instead:
- N. cuin “alive”
- S. calen “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”
- S. tharan “vigorous”
- ᴺS. ^laug “warm”
- ⚠️ᴱN. uchuil adj. “lifeless”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urguil adj. “lifeless”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urrost adj. “never coming to life”
4.742 Immortal
- S. alfirin adj. and n. “immortal, (lit.) not dying; a species of flower”
4.75 to Die; Dead; Death
- S., N. #fern n. and adj. “dead person; [N.] dead (of mortals)”
- S. #fir- v. “to fade, *die”
- S. fíreb adj. “mortal”
- S. firin adj. “dying, ⚠️mortal; [N.] human”
- ⚠️G. gor-² v. “to die”; see instead:
- S. #fir- “to fade, *die”
- N. gwanna- “to die, depart”
- ⚠️N. goren adj. “dead (of elves)”; see instead:
- N. gwann “dead, (lit.) departed”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gurdh- v. “to die”; see instead:
- S. #fir- “to fade, *die”
- N. gwanna- “to die, depart”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gurdh n. “death”; see instead:
- S. gurth “death”
- S., ᴱN., G., N. gurth [ng-] n. “death”
- S., N. guru [ng-] n. “death (abstract)”
- ⚠️N. guruth [ng-] n. “death”; see instead:
- S. gurth “death”
- S., N. guruthos [ng-] n. “dread of death, death-horror, shadow of death, [N.] fear of death”
- N. gwanath n. “death (act of dying)”
- N. gwann adj. “dead, (lit.) departed”
- N. gwanna- v. “to die, depart”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^gwanu n. “death (act of dying)”
- ⚠️N. gwanw n. “death (act of dying)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwanu “death (act of dying)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwardh adj. “dead”; see instead:
- N. gwann “dead, (lit.) departed”
- ⚠️G. gwarth adj. “dead (only of persons)”; see instead:
- N. gwann “dead, (lit.) departed”
4.76 to Kill
- S., N., ᴱN. #dag- [nd-] v. “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
- S. dagnir [nd-] n. “slayer, bane”
- ᴺS. !dagnis [nd-] n. “slayer, bane (f.)”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^dagras [nd-] n. “slaughter”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dagros [nd-] n. “slaughter”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
- ⚠️ᴱN. danc adj. “killed in battle”; see instead:
- S. dangen “slain”
- S., N. dangen [nd-] adj. “slain”
- ⚠️G. ecthadra- v. “to slay, put to the sword”; see instead:
- S. #dag- “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
- ⚠️G. mactha- v. “to slay, kill”; see instead:
- S. #dag- “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
- N. maetha- “to fight”
- ⚠️G. (n)gôl n. “slaughter”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhach n. “carnage, slaughter”; see instead:
- S. #rhach “curse”
- ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhang- v. “to slay in battle”; see instead:
- S. #dag- “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhangos n. “slaughter”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
4.77 Corpse, Body
- ⚠️G. cweleg n. “corpse, dead body”; see instead:
- N. daen “corpse”
- N. daen [nd-] n. “corpse”
- S. #gorth¹ [ng-] adj. and n. “dead; dead (person)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhanc n. “corpse, body of one slain in battle”; see instead:
- N. daen “corpse”
- ⚠️S. tor n. “the Dead”
4.79 Grave, Tomb
- ⚠️G. dal n. “cairn”; see instead:
- N. sarnas “cairn”
- S., N. haudh n. “(funeral) mound, grave, [N.] tomb; [orig.] †heap, piled mound”
- S. sarch n. “grave”
- N. sarnas n. “cairn”
- S. torn¹ n. “burial mound”
4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful
- ⚠️ᴱN. balt¹ n. “might”; see instead:
- ᴺS. polodh “power, might, authority”
- S. belaith [mb-] adj. “mighty”
- N. bellas n. “bodily strength”
- N. belt adj. “strong in body”
- ⚠️G. nert n. “prowess, a feat, strength”; see instead:
- N. bellas “bodily strength”
- ⚠️G. nerthog adj. “stout, vigorous, doughty”; see instead:
- S. tharan “vigorous”
- ⚠️ᴱN. núr n. “muscle”; see instead:
- N. tû “muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength”
- ⚠️G. polm n. “strength (physical)”; see instead:
- N. bellas “bodily strength”
- ⚠️G. polmog adj. “strong (physically)”; see instead:
- N. belt “strong in body”
- ᴺS. [G.] polodh n. “power, might, authority”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^polodhren adj. “mighty, *powerful (politically)”
- ⚠️G. polodrin adj. “mighty”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^polodhren “mighty, *powerful (politically)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhôg n. “strength”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhogrin adj. “doughty”
- ⚠️G. rôg adj. “doughty, strong”
- N. taur² adj. “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
- ⚠️G. †taur² n. “ability, power”; see instead:
- N. taur² “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
- ⚠️G. taura adj. “powerful”; see instead:
- N. taur² “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
- ᴺS. ^polodhren “mighty, *powerful (politically)”
- N. tû n. “muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength”
4.82 Weak, Infirm
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gaug adj. “clumsy; ⚠️left (hand)”
- ⚠️G. gôg adj. “clumsy; left (hand)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gaug “clumsy; ⚠️left (hand)”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] gwesg adv. and adj. “weakly, *weak”
4.83 Well; Health
- S. *alu adj. “wholesome, *healthy”
- S. tharan adj. “vigorous”
4.84 Sick; Sickness
- N. cael adj. “lying in bed, sickness, ⚠️bedridden”
- N. caeleb adj. “bedridden, sick”
- ⚠️G. colu n. “pestilence”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhîw “sickness, disease”
- ⚠️G. coluid adj. “pestilent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhîw “sickness, disease”
- ⚠️ᴱN. côm n. “sickness”; see instead:
- N. paw “sickness, *illness, ailment”
- ⚠️G. côma n. “disease, illness”; see instead:
- N. paw “sickness, *illness, ailment”
- ⚠️G. cômathol adj. “diseased, ill”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhaew “sickly, sick, ill”
- N. caeleb “bedridden, sick”
- ⚠️G. cwam adj. “ill”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhaew “sickly, sick, ill”
- ⚠️G. cwanc adj. “sickly, poorly, seedy”; see instead:
- N. gem “sickly”
- ⚠️G. cwancha- v. “to ail”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pavra- “to ail, be ill”
- ⚠️G. cwanchri n. “ailment”; see instead:
- N. paw “sickness, *illness, ailment”
- ⚠️N. flaew adj. “sickly, sick, ill”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhaew “sickly, sick, ill”
- ⚠️N. fliw n. “sickness”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhîw “sickness, disease”
- ⚠️G. gaudhwen n. “fever”
- N. gem adj. “sickly”
- ⚠️G. il(d)rim n. “unquiet, disturbance; disease”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhaew adj. “sickly, sick, ill”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhîw n. “sickness, disease”
- ᴺS. !lhýda- v. “to make sick, sicken”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^pavra- v. “to ail, be ill”
- N., ᴱN. paw n. “sickness, *illness, ailment”
4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded
- ᴺS. !ammatha- v. “to maul”
- ⚠️G. famfa- v. “to maul”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ammatha- “to maul”
- ⚠️G. gund n. “boil, pus”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ordh “boil, pus”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hardh adj. “wounded”; see instead:
- N. harn² “wounded”
- N. harn² adj. “wounded”
- N. harna- v. “to wound”
- ᴺS. !harnas n. “harm, damage”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^haru n. “wound”
- ⚠️N., ᴱN. harw n. “wound”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^haru “wound”
- ᴺS. [G.] lui n. “blueness; livor, livid mark, *bruise”
- S. naedh n. “wounding, wound”
- ⚠️N. neðw adj. “scarred, bruised”
- ⚠️N. nîð adj. “hurt, bruised”
- ᴺS. !ordh n. “boil, pus”
- ᴺS. [G.] tîl n. “scab, cicatrice, healing of a wound”
4.86 to Cure, Heal
- S. athae n. and adj. “*healing herb, healing”
- S. athra-² v. “to treat medically”
- N. #nesta- v. “to heal”
- N. nestad n. “healing”
4.87 Physician
- ᴺS. !athor n. “doctor”
4.88 Medicine, Drug
- S., N., ᴱN. athelas n. “kingsfoil, a healing herb”
4.89 Poison
- ⚠️G. fem n. “venom (of snakes), poison in general”; see instead:
- S. lhoer “venom, poison(ousness)”
- ⚠️G. fenog adj. “venomous”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhoereb “venomous, poisonous”
- ⚠️G. fuior n. “deadly nightshade”
- S. lhoer n. “venom, poison(ousness)”
- ᴺS. !lhoereb adj. “venomous, poisonous”
- S. lhoew n. “poison(ous substance)”
- ⚠️N. saew n. “poison”; see instead:
- S. lhoew “poison(ous substance)”
4.91 Tired, Weary
- ⚠️ᴱN. darw adj. “tired, weary”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lom “weary, *tired”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. drauth adj. “[G.] weary, toilworn, tired; ⚠️[ᴱN.] labour”
- ᴺS. [G.] drautha- v. “to weary, tire out”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^drauthas n. “[wearisome] toil, weariness from labour”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^drauthiel adj. “arduous, labourious”
- ⚠️G. drauthiol adj. “arduous, labourious”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^drauthiel “arduous, labourious”
- ⚠️G. drauthos n. “toil, weariness from labour”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^drauthas “[wearisome] toil, weariness from labour”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dre adj. “wearisome, irksome”
- ⚠️G. fadrog adj. “tiresome”; see instead:
- N. amben “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
- ⚠️G. fadros n. “satiety, weariness of anything”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !farthas “satiety, satisfaction”
- ⚠️N. lhom adj. “weary”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lom “weary, *tired”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lom adj. “weary, *tired”
4.93 Bald
- ⚠️G. cafalon adj. “bald, *(lit.) head-naked”; see instead:
- S. rûdh “bald”
- S. rûdh n. “bald”
4.94 Lame
- ⚠️G. caug¹ n. “humpback”
4.96 Dumb
- ⚠️ᴱN. orlham adj. “dumb”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !úlam “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”
- ᴺS. !úlam adj. “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”
4.97 Blind
- ⚠️ᴱN. dam(b) adj. “blind”; see instead:
- ᴺS. dom “blind”
- ᴺS. [S.] dom adj. “blind”
4.98 Drunk
- ⚠️ᴱN. balfaug adj. “drunken”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !rhufaug “drunken”
- ᴺS. !rhufaug adj. “drunken”
4.99 Naked, Bare
- ⚠️G. dautha adj. “naked, stripped”; see instead:
- N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
- ⚠️G. falon adj. “naked”; see instead:
- N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
- ⚠️G. falt adj. “bare”; see instead:
- S. paran “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
- ⚠️G. fôl adj. “empty, bare, leafless (esp. of trees)”; see instead:
- S. paran “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
- N. hell¹ adj. “naked, *stripped”
- ⚠️G. hulc adj. “naked”; see instead:
- N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
- S. lanc² adj. “naked”
- S. paran adj. “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
- ⚠️S. parch adj. “naked (of persons)”; see instead:
- N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
- N. parch “dry”
5.
Food and Drink
5.11 to Eat
- ⚠️G. baptha- v. “to feed; to take sup of”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !media- “to feed”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cig n. “cud”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !toch “cud”
- ⚠️G. dultha- v. “to dine”; see instead:
- S. #mad- “to eat”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. #mad- v. “to eat”
- ⚠️ᴱN. madren adj. “edible”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !madui “edible”
- ⚠️G. madrin adj. “edible, fit for food, wholesome”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !madui “edible”
- ᴺS. !madui adj. “edible”
- S. madweg adj. “gluttonous”
- ⚠️G. mal- v. “to chew”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nadh- “to chew, gnaw”
- ᴺS. !media- v. “to feed”
- ⚠️ᴱN. medid adj. “edible”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !madui “edible”
- ⚠️ᴱN. medion n. “eater, feeder”
- ⚠️ᴱN. meidianweb adj. “worthy of being eaten”
- ᴺS. !nadh- v. “to chew, gnaw”
- ᴺS. !toch n. “cud”
5.12 Food
- ⚠️G. madri n. “food, edibles; a meal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. math “food”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] mann n. “food”; see instead:
- ᴺS. math “food”
- ᴺS. [N.], ᴱN. math n. “food”
- ⚠️G. môs n. “food (of men)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. math “food”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orvath adj. “foodless”
5.13 to Drink
- ⚠️G. bab- v. “to drink, quaff”; see instead:
- N. #sog- “to drink”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhif- v. “to drink”; see instead:
- N. #sog- “to drink”
- N. #luithia- v. “to quench”
- N. sautha- v. “to drain”
- ⚠️G. soctha- v. “to give to drink, quench”; see instead:
- N. #luithia- “to quench”
- N. sautha- “to drain”
- N., ᴱN., G. #sog- v. “to drink”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^suith n. “draught, [G.] a drink”
- ⚠️N. sûth n. “draught”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^suith “draught, [G.] a drink”
- N. uluithiad adj. “unquenchable”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !ýl- v. “to drink”; see instead:
- N. #sog- “to drink”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !yll n. “draught”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^suith “draught, [G.] a drink”
5.14 Hunger
- ⚠️ᴱN. haib adj. “hungry”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^saeb¹ “hungry”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hais n. “hunger”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^saeg “hunger”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^mavor n. “appetite”
- ⚠️G. mavri n. “appetite”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mavor “appetite”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^saeb¹ adj. “hungry”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^saeg n. “hunger”
- ᴺS. !saegon n. “famine, (great) hunger”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^saetha- v. “to cause hunger”
- ⚠️G. saig adj. “hungry”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^saeb¹ “hungry”
- ⚠️G. saigri n. “hunger (great), famine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !saegon “famine, (great) hunger”
- ⚠️G. saith n. “hunger”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^saeg “hunger”
- ⚠️G. saitha- v. “to have hunger”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^saetha- “to cause hunger”
5.15 Thirst
- ⚠️ᴺS. !faul² n. “thirst”; see instead:
- ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] faus(t) n. “thirst”
- ⚠️G. luist n. “thirst”; see instead:
- ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”
- ⚠️G. maig adj. “thirst”; see instead:
- ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”
5.151 Thirsty
- S., N., ᴱN. faug adj. “[N.] thirsty, ⚠️[S.] gape”
- ⚠️G. luib adj. “thirsty”; see instead:
- S. faug “[N.] thirsty, ⚠️[S.] gape”
- ⚠️G. luista- v. “to be thirsty; to parch, dry up”; see instead:
- S. faug “[N.] thirsty, ⚠️[S.] gape”
- ᴺS. thista- “to dry up”
5.21 to Cook
- ᴺS. [G.] brant adj. “cooked, done; overdone”
- ᴺS. [G.] brath- v. “to cook”
5.24 to Bake
- ⚠️G. bas- [mb-] v. “to bake”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^basta- “to bake”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^basta- [mb-] v. “to bake”
5.25 Oven
- ⚠️G. bothli [mb-] n. “oven”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bothol “oven”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^bothol [mb-] n. “oven”
5.26 Pot
- ᴺS. [N.], G. ^calph n. “water-vessel, [G.] bucket”
- ⚠️G. ceral n. “jar”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^perol “jar”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^perol n. “jar”
- ⚠️G. tambos n. “cauldron”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tammos “cauldron”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^tammos n. “cauldron”
5.33 Bowl
- ⚠️G. salf n. “bowl, basin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tolph “bowl, basin”
- ᴺS. ^salph “broth”
- ᴺS. !tolph n. “bowl, basin”
5.34 Jug, Pitcher
- ᴺS. [G.] ^olf n. “jar, flagon, *pitcher”
- ⚠️G. ulm n. “jar, flagon”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^olf “jar, flagon, *pitcher”
5.35 Cup
- ⚠️G. fion n. “bowl, goblet”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tolph “bowl, basin”
- N. sûl “goblet”
- ⚠️G. socthor n. “a drinking-horn”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^soethor “drinking-horn”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^soethor n. “drinking-horn”
- ⚠️G. sogli n. “a drinking-horn”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^soethor “drinking-horn”
- ⚠️G. sogridâr n. “a drinking-horn”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^soethor “drinking-horn”
- N. sûl n. “goblet”
- S. ylf n. “drinking-vessel, *cup”
- ᴺS. !ylvon n. “chalice”
5.37 Spoon
- ⚠️G. salfinc n. “spoon”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tolpheg “spoon”
- ᴺS. !tolpheg n. “spoon”
5.41 a Meal
- ᴺS. [G.] mâd n. “meal”
5.42 Breakfast
- ᴺS. !amorvad n. “breakfast”
- ⚠️G. maudrimad n. “breakfast”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !amorvad “breakfast”
5.43 Lunch
- ⚠️G. authmadri n. “midday meal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nedhwad “lunch, (lit.) middle-meal”
- ⚠️G. haimadri adj. “lunch, food in morning, elevens”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nedhwad “lunch, (lit.) middle-meal”
- ᴺS. !nedhwad n. “lunch, (lit.) middle-meal”
5.44 Dinner
- ⚠️G. dultha n. “supper, dinner”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dúvad “supper, dinner”
- ᴺS. !dúvad n. “supper, dinner”
5.51 Bread
- N., ᴱN., G. basgorn [mb-] n. “loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. #bas(t) [mb-] n. “bread”
- ⚠️G. corn n. “loaf”; see instead:
- N. corn “round, globed”
- N. basgorn “loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake”
- S., N. lembas n. “waybread, journey-bread”
- ⚠️ᴱN. mui n. “crumb”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ormast adj. “breadless”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ummast adj. “without bread”
5.52 Cake
- ⚠️N. cram n. “cake of compressed flour or meal”; see instead:
- Wes. cram
5.53 Dough
- ᴺS. [N.] ^maeas n. “dough”
- ⚠️N. moeas n. “dough”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^maeas “dough”
5.54 to Knead
- ᴺS. !medhia- v. “to knead, soften”
5.55 Meal, Flour
- ⚠️G. ‽mail n. “flour”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maul “flour”
- ᴺS. !maul n. “flour”
5.56 to Grind
- ᴺS. !mol- v. “to grind, pulverize”
5.57 Mill
- ᴺS. !molor n. “mill”
5.61 Meat
- N. aes n. “cooked food, meat”
- ⚠️G. hara n. “flesh meat, meat”; see instead:
- N. aes “cooked food, meat”
5.614 Fat, Grease
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] blê n. and adj. “fat of meat; *fatty, oily, greasy”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hiw adj. “rich”; see instead:
- ᴺS. blê “fat of meat; *fatty, oily, greasy”
- ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhub n. “fat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lûb “fat, (fat) flesh”
- ᴺS. !lûb n. “fat, (fat) flesh”
- ⚠️G. lub n. “fat, fat flesh”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lûb “fat, (fat) flesh”
- ⚠️ᴱN. thalf n. “grease”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^thalph “grease”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^thalph n. “grease”
5.64 Soup, Broth
- ⚠️N. salff n. “broth”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^salph “broth”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^salph n. “broth”
- ᴺS. !solph n. “soup”
- ⚠️G. thlibri n. “soup”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !solph “soup”
5.70 Potato
- ᴺS. [G.] ^cevorf n. “potato, (lit.) earth-apple”
- ⚠️G. grothorf n. “potato”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cevorf “potato, (lit.) earth-apple”
- ⚠️G. podod n. “potato”
5.71 Fruit
- ᴺS. !colof n. “orange [fruit]”
- ⚠️G. gôf n. “fruit (esp. of tree)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !iâf “fruit”
- ⚠️G. gôf·clochiol n. “stone-fruit”
- ᴺS. !iâf n. “fruit”
- ⚠️G. maros n. “ripe fruit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !iâf “fruit”
5.72 Apple
- ⚠️G. arwad n. “apple tree”
- S. cordof n. “pippin, *a type of yellow and red apple”
- ᴺS. [G.] orf n. “apple”
- ⚠️G. urf n. “apple (tree)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. orf “apple”
5.73 Pear
- ᴺS. [G.] orfing n. “pear, *(lit.) hair-apple”
5.76 Grape
- ⚠️G. mirobin n. “grape”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mirybin “grape, (lit.) wine-berry”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^mirybin n. “grape, (lit.) wine-berry”
5.77 Nut
- ⚠️G. cod n. “nut”
- ⚠️G. codiof adj. “nutbearing”
- ⚠️G. codomla n. “*chestnut”
- ⚠️G. codrin adj. “nutty”
- ⚠️G. codwalion n. “walnut, chestnut”
- ⚠️G. codwed adj. “nutbearing”
- ⚠️G. coth n. “nutshell, husk”
- ⚠️G. ivangod n. “walnut”
- ⚠️G. ivogodron n. “walnut tree”
- ⚠️G. omla n. “a horse chestnut”
- ⚠️G. ormagod n. “a (Spanish) chestnut”
- ᴺS. !pech n. “nut”
- ᴺS. !pechol n. “hazel”
5.79 Oil
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] blîw n. “oil”
- ⚠️G. ilbrin adj. “oily, fat, greasy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. blê “fat of meat; *fatty, oily, greasy”
- ⚠️G. ilm n. “oil, fat, grease”; see instead:
- ᴺS. blîw “oil”
- ᴺS. !lûb “fat, (fat) flesh”
5.80 Berry
- ᴺS. [G.] ^aebin n. “cherry (tree)”
- ⚠️G. aibin n. “cherry (tree)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^aebin “cherry (tree)”
- ᴺS. [G.] dod n. “berry”
- ᴺS. [G.] pibin n. “small berry, haw”
- ⚠️G. piog n. “berry”; see instead:
- ᴺS. pibin “small berry, haw”
- ᴺS. dod “berry”
5.81 Salt
- ᴺS. [G.] sing n. “salt”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^singren adj. “salt, *salty”
- ⚠️G. singrin adj. “salt”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^singren “salt, *salty”
5.84 Honey
- N., ᴱN. glî n. “honey”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] glidheb adj. “like honey”
- ⚠️G. nectha n. “honey comb”
- ⚠️G. neglis n. “honey”; see instead:
- N. glî “honey”
5.85 Sugar
- ⚠️G. glissith n. “sugar”; see instead:
- ᴺS. glist “sugar”
- ᴺS. [G.] glist n. “sugar”
5.86 Milk
- ᴺS. [G.] thim n. “milk (after separation)”
5.87 to Milk
- ⚠️G. thin- v. “to skim”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^thiv- “to skim”
- N. thinna- “to fade, *(lit.) become grey”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^thiv- v. “to skim”
5.88 Cheese
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^cor- v. “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
- ⚠️ᴱN. corn² n. “cheese”; see instead:
- ᴺS. cûr “cheese”
- N. corn “round, globed”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^corth n. “curd”
- ⚠️G. cur- v. “to turn sour, curdle, congeal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. cûr n. “cheese”
- ⚠️ᴱN. #curann- v. “to curdle (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
- ⚠️G. curth n. “curd”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^corth “curd”
- ⚠️G. curtha- v. “to curdle, to make cheese (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
5.89 Butter
- ⚠️G. cwîr n. “cream”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pîr “cream”
- ⚠️G. malthin n. “cream”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pîr “cream”
- ᴺS. [G.] mang n. “butter”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^pîr n. “cream”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlî n. “butter”; see instead:
- ᴺS. mang “butter”
5.91 Mead
- S. miruvor n. “a special wine or cordial”
5.92 Wine
- ⚠️G. gurmir n. “drink of the Valar, *(lit.) sweet wine”; see instead:
- S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
- ⚠️G. limfa n. “drink of the fairies”; see instead:
- S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
- ⚠️G. limp(elis) n. “drink of the fairies”; see instead:
- S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
- ⚠️G. mîr n. “wine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^miru “wine”
- S. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
- ⚠️G. mirofor n. “drink of the Gods”; see instead:
- S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
- ⚠️G. miros n. “wine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^miru “wine”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^miru n. “wine”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^mirwelthen n. “vintage, *(lit.) wine pressing”
- ⚠️G. mirwelthin n. “vintage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mirwelthen “vintage, *(lit.) wine pressing”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !ŷ n. “wine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^miru “wine”
5.93 Beer
- ᴺS. !hîm n. “beer”
5.94 Juice
- ⚠️G. bith n. “juice, sap”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^paich “juice, syrup, *sap”
- ⚠️G. gwâs n. “juice”; see instead:
- N. saw “juice”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hí n. “sap, juice”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^paich “juice, syrup, *sap”
- N. iofog n. “fruit drink, cider”
- ⚠️G. laus n. and adj. “juice, sap; energy, vitality; (aj.) fresh”; see instead:
- N. saw “juice”
- ᴺS. ^cuinas “vitality, liveliness”
- S. laew “fresh”
- S., N. nîdh¹ n. “[N.] honeycomb; ⚠️[S.] juice”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^paich n. “juice, syrup, *sap”
- ⚠️N. peich n. “juice, syrup”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^paich “juice, syrup, *sap”
- N. pichen adj. “juicy, *oozing”
- N. saw n. “juice”
5.999 Food (Other)
- ᴺS. !mornechui n. “coffee”
- ᴺS. [G.] suithlas n. “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !yllas n. “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”; see instead:
- ᴺS. suithlas “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”
6.
Clothing and Adornment
6.11 to Clothe, Dress
- ⚠️ᴱN. bai adj. “clad”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !hammen “clothed, clad”
- ⚠️G. baidha- v. “to clothe”; see instead:
- N. hamma- “to clothe, *put on clothes, get dressed”
- ⚠️G. bain adj. “clad”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !hammen “clothed, clad”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^braetha- v. “to wrap, swathe”
- ⚠️G. braitha- v. “to wrap, swathe”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^braetha- “to wrap, swathe”
- N. hab- v. “to clothe”
- N. hamma- v. “to clothe, *put on clothes, get dressed”
- ᴺS. !hammen adj. “clothed, clad”
6.12 Clothes, Clothing
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. baith n. “clothes, garments, dress”; see instead:
- N. hammad “clothing, *clothes”
- ⚠️G. baithri n. “clothes, clothing”; see instead:
- N. hammad “clothing, *clothes”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwab n. “garment”; see instead:
- N. hamp “garment”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwablith n. “clothes”; see instead:
- N. hammad “clothing, *clothes”
- N. hammad n. “clothing, *clothes”
- N. hamp n. “garment”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orvaith² adj. “garmentless”
- ⚠️ᴱN. umaith adj. “naked”
6.21 Cloth
- ᴺS. !lann n. “thin cloth, tissue”
6.22 Wool
- ⚠️G. ocha n. “fleece”; see instead:
- ᴺS. tô “wool, fleece”
- N. taw adj. “of wool, woollen”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. tô n. “wool, fleece”
- ⚠️G. tûs- v. “to tease wool, comb out”
- ⚠️G. uf² n. “fine wool, down”
6.28 Fur
- ⚠️N. halath n. “skin, fell”
- N. heleth n. “fur, fur-coat”
- N. helf n. “fur, *hide”
6.29 Leather
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lath n. “thong (of leather)”
- ⚠️N. lhath n. “thong of (?leather)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lath “thong (of leather)”
6.31 to Spin
- ⚠️N. chwinia- v. “to twirl, whirl, eddy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwinia- “to twirl, whirl, eddy”
- ⚠️N. chwiniol adj. “whirling, giddy, mad, fantastic”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwiniol “whirling, giddy, mad, fantastic”
- ⚠️G. cwir- v. “to stir, stir round, make spin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pir- “to stir, stir round, make spin”
- ⚠️G. cwiruin n. “spinning wheel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^piruin “spinning wheel”
- ⚠️G. gweron adj. “spun, rounded, cylindrical”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !piren “spun, rounded, cylindrical”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hwinia- v. “to twirl, whirl, eddy”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hwiniol adj. “whirling, giddy, mad, fantastic”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^pir- v. “to stir, stir round, make spin”
- ᴺS. !piren adj. “spun, rounded, cylindrical”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^piruin n. “spinning wheel”
6.32 Spindle
- ⚠️G. cwiril n. “spindle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gwiril “spindle”
- ᴺS. [G.] gwiril n. “spindle”
6.33 to Weave
- ⚠️ᴺS. !gwer- v. “to weave, wind, spin, twist”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
- ⚠️G. gwidh- v. “to weave (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
- ⚠️G. gwidhin n. “woof”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lanad “weft, woof”
- ⚠️G. gwidhon adj. “woven”; see instead:
- S. remmen “meshed, netted, woven, (en)tangled”
- ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gwir- v. “to weave”
- ⚠️G. gwist n. “weft”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lanad “weft, woof”
- ᴺS. !lanad n. “weft, woof”
6.34 Loom
- ⚠️G. gwingli n. “loom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lanu “loom”
- ᴺS. !gwirthar n. “shuttle, (lit.) weave-across”
- ⚠️G. gwithadr n. “shuttle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwirthar “shuttle, (lit.) weave-across”
- ᴺS. !lanu n. “loom”
6.35 to Sew
- ᴺS. !ther- v. “to sew”
6.36 Needle
- ᴺS. [G.] eglin n. “needle”
6.38 Thread
- S. esbin n. “thin thread, ⚠️tress”
- S. #lain n. “thread, warp”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhê n. “fine thread, spider filament”
- ᴺS. [G.] theres n. “ribbon, ⚠️tie”
- ⚠️N. thlê n. “fine thread, spider filament”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhê “fine thread, spider filament”
6.41 Cloak
- ᴺS. [G.] brach n. “shawl, wrap, ⚠️plaid”
- S. #coll¹ n. “cloak, mantle”
- ⚠️G. tôl n. “mantle”; see instead:
- S. #coll¹ “cloak, mantle”
6.412 Overcoat
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. garob n. “robe, [G.] outer garment, ⚠️cloak”
6.43 Coat
- ᴺS. [G.] ^bach n. “jacket, coat”
- ⚠️G. bacha n. “jacket, coat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bach “jacket, coat”
6.44 Shirt
- ᴺS. [G.] laub n. “shirt”
6.51 Shoe
- ⚠️G. habach n. “big shoe, clog, sabot”; see instead:
- N. habad “shoe”
- N. habad n. “shoe”
- ⚠️G. habin n. “shoe”; see instead:
- N. habad “shoe”
6.52 Boot
- ᴺS. [G.] ^saeb² n. “boot”
- ⚠️G. saib n. “boot”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^saeb² “boot”
6.55 Hat, Cap
- N. carab n. “hat”
- ⚠️ᴱN. mindeb n. “crown”; see instead:
- S. rî “wreath, garland; [N.] crown”
- ᴺS. [G.] ôf n. “hood”
- ⚠️N. rhî n. “crown”; see instead:
- S. rî “wreath, garland; [N.] crown”
- ⚠️N. rhîn adj. “crowned”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rîn “crowned”
- S. rî n. “wreath, garland; [N.] crown”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rîn adj. “crowned”
- ᴺS. !rínada- v. “to crown, coronate”
- ⚠️G. tôd n. “hat”; see instead:
- N. carab “hat”
- ⚠️G. togli n. “cap”; see instead:
- N. carab “hat”
6.57 Belt, Girdle
- S. lest n. “girdle, *belt”
6.58 Glove
- ᴺS. !mawedh n. “glove”
6.63 Pin, Brooch
- ⚠️G. pieg n. “pin”; see instead:
- S. tachol “brooch, clasp, [N.] pin”
- S., N. tachol n. “brooch, clasp, [N.] pin”
6.71 Adornment (personal)
- S. cathrae n. “tressure, *headdress”
6.72 Gem, Jewel
- ⚠️G. brithla n. “pearl”; see instead:
- S. brith “gravel”
- ᴺS. !gaessarn “pearl, (lit.) sea-pebble”
- ᴺS. !gaessarn n. “pearl, (lit.) sea-pebble”
- ⚠️ᴱN. himp n. “jewel”; see instead:
- S. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
- S., N. mîr n. “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
- S. #mírdan n. “jewel smith”
- S. míria- v. “to sparkle like jewels”
- S. míriel adj. “sparkling like jewels, like a jewel”
- ᴺS. !mirith n. “jewelry”
- ⚠️G. nind n. “blue stone, turquoise”
- ⚠️G. sî¹ n. “bead, small gem or pearl”
6.73 Finger Ring
- ᴺS. !corf n. “ring (for fingers)”
- ⚠️G. grilthi n. “finger-ring”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !corf “ring (for fingers)”
- ⚠️G. lemfarilt n. “ring”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !corf “ring (for fingers)”
6.75 Necklace
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. fring n. “necklace, [G.] carcanet”; see instead:
- S. sigil “necklace”
- S. sigil n. “necklace”
6.82 Towel
- ᴺS. !parchol n. “towel”
- ⚠️G. suithli n. “towel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !parchol “towel”
6.92 Brush
- ⚠️G. fwegli n. “brush”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwegol “brush”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hwegol n. “brush”
6.94 Ointment
- N. glaew n. “ointment, salve”
6.95 Soap
- N. glûdh n. “soap”
- ⚠️G. puim n. “soap”; see instead:
- N. glûdh “soap”
6.96 Mirror
- S. cenedril n. “mirror, looking-glass, (lit.) looking-crystal”
6.999 Adornment (other)
- ᴺS. [G.] fass n. “tassle”
- ⚠️G. fath n. “tassle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. fass “tassle”
- ⚠️G. fathli n. “tasselled fringe”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fathol “(tasselled) fringe”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^fathol n. “(tasselled) fringe”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^fathren adj. “tasselled”
- ⚠️G. fathrin adj. “tasselled”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fathren “tasselled”
- ⚠️G. fathwed adj. “tasselled”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fathren “tasselled”
- ⚠️G. flathrin adj. “foamy, tasseled”
7.
Dwelling and Furniture
7.11 to Live, Dwell
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bar- [mb-] v. “to live, dwell, stay”
- ᴺS. !bardhon [mb-] n. “inhabitant, native”
- ᴺS. !bardhor [mb-] adj. “habitable”
- N., G. dortha- [nd-] v. “to dwell, stay, [G.] settle”
- ⚠️G. gwadh- v. “to dwell”; see instead:
- N. dortha- “to dwell, stay, [G.] settle”
- ⚠️G. gwadhra adj. “habitable”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bardhor “habitable”
- ⚠️G. gwadhril n. “inhabitant (f.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bardhon “inhabitant, native”
- ⚠️G. gwadhron n. “inhabitant (m.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bardhon “inhabitant, native”
- ⚠️G. mara- v. “to dwell”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bar- “to live, dwell, stay”
- ⚠️ᴱN. #meria- v. “to dwell, live, stay”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bar- “to live, dwell, stay”
- ⚠️G. rûtha- v. “to dwell, remain”; see instead:
- S. reth- “to remain in same place”
- N. dortha- “to dwell, stay, [G.] settle”
7.12 House
- ⚠️ᴱN. adob n. “building”; see instead:
- N. adab “building, ⚠️house”
- ⚠️G. bad¹ n. “building, outhouse, shed”; see instead:
- N. adab “building, ⚠️house”
- ⚠️G. baravlid [mb-] adj. “homeless”
- S. barthan [mb-] n. “dwelling-house, large building of masonry used as a dwelling”
- ⚠️G. baur [mb-] n. “house”; see instead:
- S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
- N. baur “need”
- ⚠️G. †brann n. “dwelling, hall”; see instead:
- S. barthan “dwelling-house, large building of masonry used as a dwelling”
- N. tham “hall”
- N. car(dh) n. “house, *construction, structure”
- ⚠️G. gwast n. “dwelling”; see instead:
- S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
- ⚠️G. ind n. “house, abode”; see instead:
- S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
- ⚠️G. indos n. “house, hall”; see instead:
- N. car(dh) “house, *construction, structure”
- N. thamas “great hall”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ormar adj. “houseless”
- ⚠️G. rû¹ n. “dwelling, house”; see instead:
- S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
- ⚠️G. -vran suf. “dwelling”; see instead:
- S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
7.122 Home
- ⚠️G. -bar suf. “dweller; home, -ham”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. bâr [mb-] n. “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
- ⚠️G. bara [mb-] n. “home, cottage”; see instead:
- S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
- S. bardh [mb-] n. “home”
- S. bardor [mb-] n. “home land, native land”
- ⚠️G. barod [mb-] adv. “homewards, home”
- ⚠️G. barthi [mb-] adv. “at home, home”; see instead:
- S. bardh “home”
- ⚠️G. barwen [mb-] n. “homestead”
- N. caew n. “lair, resting-place”
- ⚠️G. in(d)wed adj. “indoors, at home; homely, domestic(ated)”
- ⚠️G. inna adv. “in home, to its house/its right place”
- ⚠️G. inni adv. “home, at home, in right place”
- S. milbar n. “dear home, beloved dwelling [place]”
- ⚠️N. terch n. “lair, hole”; see instead:
- S. torech “lair, (secret) hole, excavation”
- S. torech n. “lair, (secret) hole, excavation”
7.13 Hut
- ᴺS. [G.] tump n. “shed”
7.14 Tent
- S. echad n. “camp”
- S. ?estola- v. “to encamp, *erect tents”
- S. estolad n. “encampment”
7.15 Yard, Court
- ⚠️G. paga n. “court, paved floor”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pand “courtyard”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^pand n. “courtyard”
- ⚠️N. pann² n. “courtyard”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pand “courtyard”
7.21 Room
- S. #sam n. “chamber, [G.] room”
- N., G. tham n. “hall”
- N. thamas n. “great hall”
- ⚠️G. thambros n. “hall”; see instead:
- N. thamas “great hall”
7.22 Door, Gate
- ⚠️ᴺS. !and n. “gate, door”; see instead:
- S. annon “(great) gate, door”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. ann n. “door”; see instead:
- S. fen(n) “door; ⚠️[N.] threshold”
- S. annon “(great) gate, door”
- ⚠️G. anna n. “door, opening”; see instead:
- S. fen(n) “door; ⚠️[N.] threshold”
- S. annon “(great) gate, door”
- S., N. annon n. “(great) gate, door”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ennion n. “porter, doorkeeper”
- ᴺS. !fend n. “threshold”
- S., N. fen(n) n. “door; ⚠️[N.] threshold”
- S. fennas n. “great door, doorway, gateway”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orann adj. “doorless”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ordarn adj. “gateless”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. tarn n. “gate”; see instead:
- S. annon “(great) gate, door”
- ⚠️G. tarnon n. “porter”
7.24 Key
- ᴺS. !ledil n. “key”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !padol n. “key”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ledil “key”
7.25 Window
- ⚠️G. galoth n. “window, *(lit.) light hole”; see instead:
- S. henneth “window”
- S. henneth n. “window”
7.26 Floor
- ⚠️G. blath n. “floor”; see instead:
- N. panas “floor”
- N. panas n. “floor”
- S., N. talan n. “platform, flat space, flet [Middle English = ‘floor’]”
- ⚠️G. tôg n. “storey, floor (of a house)”
7.27 Wall
- ⚠️G. bant n. “wall”; see instead:
- S. ram “wall”
- ᴺS. [G.] ostor n. “enclosure, circuit of walls, *town wall”
- S. ram n. “wall”
- S., N. rammas n. “great wall”
- ⚠️N. rham n. “wall”; see instead:
- S. ram “wall”
7.28 Roof
- ⚠️N. daedelu n. “canopy”; see instead:
- S. esgal “cast shadow, shade; screen, hiding; ⚠️veil”
- N. orthelian “canopy”
- N. orthel- v. “to roof, screen above”
- N. orthelian n. “canopy”
- N. taus n. “thatch”
- ⚠️G. teglos n. “awning”
- ⚠️G. teld n. “roof”; see instead:
- N. tobas “roofing, roof”
- ⚠️G. telm n. “roof; sky”; see instead:
- N. #ell “sky”
- N. telu “dome, high roof”
- N. telu n. “dome, high roof”
- N. tobas n. “roofing, roof”
7.29 House (other)
- N. adab n. “building, ⚠️house”
7.31 Hearth, Fireplace
- ⚠️G. bordd n. “fireplace”; see instead:
- S. ruist “fireplace, hearth”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gorth n. “hearth, fireplace”; see instead:
- S. ruist “fireplace, hearth”
- S. ruist n. “fireplace, hearth”
- ⚠️G. tangar n. “hearthgrate, fireplace”; see instead:
- S. ruist “fireplace, hearth”
- ⚠️G. urm n. “brazier, grate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^uru “brazier, grate”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^uru n. “brazier, grate”
7.412 Furniture (other)
- S. #dim n. “stair”
- N. dolt¹ [nd-] n. “round knob, boss”
- N. farf n. “?carpet”
- N. tharas n. “hassock, footstool”
7.42 Bed
- ⚠️G. cumli n. “couch”
- ⚠️G. haus n. “bed”; see instead:
- N. haust “bed”
- N. haust n. “bed”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^nedhu n. “bolster, cushion”
- ⚠️N. nedhw n. “bolster, cushion”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nedhu “bolster, cushion”
- N. pesseg n. “pillow”
7.43 Chair
- ⚠️S. arahadhw n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat”
- ᴺS. [S.] ^archadhu n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”
- ⚠️G. dorn n. “seat”; see instead:
- S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
- ⚠️G. doros n. “throne”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat”
- S. hadhu n. “seat, *chair”
- ⚠️N. ?hand n. “seat”; see instead:
- S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
- ⚠️N. hanw n. “?chair”; see instead:
- S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
- ⚠️ᴱN. haud n. “seat”; see instead:
- S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orhod adj. “seatless”
- ⚠️ᴱN. turhod n. “throne”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat”
7.44 Table
- ⚠️G. sard n. “table”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^sardh “table”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^sardh n. “table”
7.45 Lamp
- S. calar n. “(portable) lamp”
- S., N. calardan n. “lampwright”
- ⚠️G. dant n. “lamp”; see instead:
- S. calar “(portable) lamp”
7.46 Candle
- ᴺS. !lîg n. “wax”
- ᴺS. !lígu n. “candle”
- ⚠️G. nith n. “wax”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lîg “wax”
- S. †nîth “sister”
- N. nîth “youth”
- ⚠️G. nitha n. “a candle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lígu “candle”
- ⚠️G. nithla n. “candlestick”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lígu “candle”
8.
Agriculture and Vegetation
- 8.11 Farmer
- 8.12 Field for Cultivation
- 8.13 Garden, Orchard
- 8.15 to Till, Cultivate
- 8.22 to Dig, Delve
- 8.23 Spade
- 8.29 Blade, Share
- 8.31 to Sow; Seed
- 8.32 to Mow, Reap
- 8.33 Scythe, Sickle
- 8.41 Crop, Harvest
- 8.42 Grain (generic, British Corn)
- 8.43 Wheat
- 8.45 Rye
- 8.46 Oats
- 8.51 Grass
- 8.52 Hay
- 8.53 Plant, Herb
- 8.54 Root
- 8.55 Branch
- 8.56 Leaf
- 8.565 Thorn
- 8.57 Flower
- 8.571 Bloom
- 8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom
- 8.575 Lily
- 8.58 Rose
- 8.599 Flower (other)
- 8.60 Tree (generic)
- 8.61 Oak
- 8.62 Beech
- 8.63 Birch
- 8.635 Elm
- 8.64 Pine
- 8.65 Fir
- 8.655 Tree (other)
- 8.66 Acorn
- 8.67 Vine
- 8.68 Tobacco
- 8.99 Vegetation (other)
8.11 Farmer
- ⚠️G. nandor n. “farmer”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !redhor “farmer”
- ᴺS. !redhor n. “farmer”
8.12 Field for Cultivation
- ⚠️G. garw n. and adj. “sown-field; tilled”; see instead:
- S. rîdh “sown field, [N.] acre”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwas n. “field”; see instead:
- S. rîdh “sown field, [N.] acre”
- S. haedh n. “fenced enclosure”
- S., N. #pêl n. “[N.] fenced field”
- S., N. rîdh n. “sown field, [N.] acre”
8.13 Garden, Orchard
- S. sant n. “garden, field, yard”
- ⚠️G. tand n. “enclosure, garden”; see instead:
- S. sant “garden, field, yard”
8.15 to Till, Cultivate
- ᴺS. [G.] barna- [mb-] v. “to till (land), *cultivate; (orig.) to dwell in (a land)”
- ᴺS. [G.] baron [mb-] adj. “tilled, inhabited”
- ⚠️G. ruin adj. “inhabited, tilled”; see instead:
- ᴺS. baron “tilled, inhabited”
- S. ruin “red flame; fiery red”
- ⚠️G. rust n. “inhabitation; cultivation, tillage”
8.22 to Dig, Delve
- ⚠️G. dol- [nd-] v. “to dig”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sab- “to dig”
- ᴺS. !feleitha- v. “to excavate, tunnel, mine”
- N. rosta- v. “to hollow out, excavate”
- ᴺS. !sab- v. “to dig”
- S. #sabar n. “delving”
- ⚠️G. saptha- v. “to dig, bite into”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sab- “to dig”
- ⚠️G. tumla- v. “to excavate, hollow out”; see instead:
- N. rosta- “to hollow out, excavate”
8.23 Spade
- ⚠️G. sabli n. “spade, shovel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^samp “spade, shovel”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^samp n. “spade, shovel”
8.29 Blade, Share
- ⚠️G. caf n. “blade”; see instead:
- ᴺS. cim “blade”
- ᴺS. [G.] cim n. “blade”
- N. hathel n. “broadsword-blade, axe-blade”
8.31 to Sow; Seed
- N. eredh n. “seed, germ”
- ⚠️G. pim n. “bead, any small round thing, seed”; see instead:
- N. eredh “seed, germ”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^redh- v. “to sow”
- ⚠️N. #rhedh- v. “to sow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^redh- “to sow”
8.32 to Mow, Reap
- N. critha- v. “to reap”
- ⚠️G. salca- v. “to scythe or mow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^salcha- “to scythe or mow”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^salcha- v. “to scythe or mow”
8.33 Scythe, Sickle
- N. cerch n. “sickle”
8.41 Crop, Harvest
- ⚠️G. gaust n. “corn, crop (espec. of cereal)”; see instead:
- N. iau¹ “corn, *cereal crop”
- ᴺS. ^iaust “crop, *yield, produce; ⚠️corn”
- ⚠️G. gav- v. “to produce, yield, bear fruit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^iav- “to produce, yield, bear fruit”
- ⚠️G. gavon n. “harvest (time)”; see instead:
- S. iavas “autumn, *harvest (time)”
- ⚠️G. gavos n. “yield, crop, produce”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^iaust “crop, *yield, produce; ⚠️corn”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^iaust n. “crop, *yield, produce; ⚠️corn”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^iav- v. “to produce, yield, bear fruit”
8.42 Grain (generic, British Corn)
- N. iau¹ n. “corn, *cereal crop”
8.43 Wheat
- ᴺS. [G.] bloss [mb-] n. “wheat”
- ᴺS. !nelio n. “buckwheat”
8.45 Rye
- ᴺS. [G.] losbas n. “ryebread”
- ᴺS. [G.] losc n. “rye”
8.46 Oats
- ⚠️G. rusg n. “oatcake”
- ⚠️G. ruthla adj. “oaten”
- ⚠️G. ruthli n. “oats”
8.51 Grass
- ⚠️G. flad n. “sward, grass”; see instead:
- S. parth “field, enclosed grassland, sward”
- S. glae n. “grass”
- ⚠️ᴱN. halb n. “grass, long mowing grass”; see instead:
- N. salab “herb”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhesg n. “sedge”; see instead:
- S. #lisg “reed, [G.] sedge”
- ⚠️G. liscaloth adj. “reedy, reed grown”
- S., G. #lisg n. “reed, [G.] sedge”
- ⚠️G. nethli n. “long lush grass, little meadow”; see instead:
- S. ness “*headland; [G.] (water) meadow; long grass”
- ⚠️G. salc n. “green cut grass, ensilage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^salch “green cut grass, ensilage”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^salch n. “green cut grass, ensilage”
- N. thâr n. “stiff grass”
8.52 Hay
- ⚠️G. sirp n. “straw”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^thirph “straw”
- ᴺS. [G.] thâf n. “hay”
- ⚠️G. thafwen n. “hay, harvest”; see instead:
- S. iavas “autumn, *harvest (time)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^thirph n. “straw”
8.53 Plant, Herb
- ⚠️G. caltha n. “plant, herb”; see instead:
- N. galas “plant, growth”
- N. salab “herb”
- ⚠️G. côl n. “herb, vegetable, edible plant; wort”
- N. galas n. “plant, growth”
- ⚠️G. lauth n. “a plant, herb”; see instead:
- N. galas “plant, growth”
- N. salab “herb”
- N. salab n. “herb”
8.54 Root
- ⚠️N. dum n. “root, foundation”; see instead:
- S. thond “root, [N.] base; ⚠️root-word”
- N. thonnas “root-word; *foundation; ⚠️base, root”
- N. solch n. “root (especially as edible)”
- ⚠️G. tarc n. “root (especially edible roots)”; see instead:
- N. solch “root (especially as edible)”
- S., N. thond n. “root, [N.] base; ⚠️root-word”
- N. thonnas n. “root-word; *foundation; ⚠️base, root”
- ⚠️G. tricthon n. “(fibrous fine) root”; see instead:
- N. solch “root (especially as edible)”
8.55 Branch
- ⚠️ᴱN. alt n. “bough, branch”; see instead:
- N. golf “branch”
- ⚠️G. clann n. “branch”; see instead:
- N. golf “branch”
- ⚠️G. clath n. “small branch, twig”; see instead:
- N. golf “branch”
- ⚠️G. eilian n. “branch”; see instead:
- N. golf “branch”
- ⚠️G. fripthon n. “stalk”; see instead:
- ᴺS. thrimp “stalk”
- N. golf n. “branch”
- ⚠️G. ôl¹ n. “forearm; bough”; see instead:
- N. golf “branch”
- ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”
- ⚠️G. olf(in) n. “branch, wand, stick”; see instead:
- N. golf “branch”
- N. telch n. “stem”
- ᴺS. [G.] thrimp n. “stalk”
- ⚠️G. thripthon n. “stem”; see instead:
- N. telch “stem”
8.56 Leaf
- S. golas n. “foliage, collection of leaves”
- S., G. lass n. “leaf; ⚠️[G.] petal”
- ⚠️N., ᴱN. lhass n. “leaf”; see instead:
- S. lass “leaf; ⚠️[G.] petal”
- ⚠️G. tethlas n. “petal, *(lit.) bud-leaf”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tuilas “petal, (lit.) bud-leaf”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^tuilas n. “petal, (lit.) bud-leaf”
8.565 Thorn
- ⚠️G. aithog adj. “thorny”; see instead:
- ᴺS. eitheb “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; ⚠️sharp”
- ⚠️G. aithos n. “thorn bush”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^eithos “thorn bush”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. aithr² n. “thorn, sword”; see instead:
- N. êg “thorn”
- ᴺS. ^aith “spear-point, [ᴱN.] spear, ⚠️thorn”
- ⚠️ᴱN. daneitheb adj. “thornless”
- N. ech n. “spine, *spiny quill or bristle”
- N. êg n. “thorn”
- ⚠️G. eg¹ n. “point”; see instead:
- S. till “point, spike, (sharp) horn, tine, ending”
- N. êg “thorn”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] eitheb adj. “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; ⚠️sharp”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^eithos n. “thorn bush”
8.57 Flower
- S. elloth n. “single flower”
- ⚠️N. lhoth n. “flower(s)”; see instead:
- S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
- ⚠️N. lhothod n. “single flower”; see instead:
- S. lotheg “single [small] flower, *floret”
- ⚠️G. lôs n. “flower”; see instead:
- S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
- S., ᴱN. loth n. “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
- S. lotheg n. “single [small] flower, *floret”
- ⚠️G. lothli n. “floret”; see instead:
- S. lotheg “single [small] flower, *floret”
- ⚠️G. tess(il) n. “little flower; †maiden”
8.571 Bloom
- ⚠️ᴺS. !edlothia- v. “to flower, blossom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
- ⚠️G. glôs n. “flower, best of anything; blooming time, acme, floruit”; see instead:
- S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
- S. gloss “(dazzling) white, [N.] snow-white, [G.] clear white; ⚠️[N.] snow”
- S. goloth n. “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
- ⚠️N. gwaloth n. “blossom, collection of flowers”; see instead:
- S. goloth “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
- ⚠️G. gwethra- v. “to bloom, flourish”; see instead:
- S. theria- “to be vigorous, flourish”
- ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
- ⚠️G. lost n. “blossom, bloom”; see instead:
- S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^losta-¹ v. “to bloom, blossom”
- ᴺS. !lostad n. “blooming, florescence”
- ⚠️G. lûda- v. “to bloom, grow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
- S. gala- “to grow”
- ⚠️G. luis n. “florescence, blooming”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lostad “blooming, florescence”
- ⚠️G. luitha- v. “to bloom, blossom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
- S. lûth n. “blossom, inflorescence [on a single plant]”
8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom
- ⚠️G. altha n. “shoot, sprig, scion, sapling”; see instead:
- ᴺS. tuig “shoot, sapling, ⚠️sprout”
- N. tui “sprout, bud”
- ⚠️G. calw n. “green shoot, sapling, sprout”; see instead:
- ᴺS. tuig “shoot, sapling, ⚠️sprout”
- N. tui “sprout, bud”
- ⚠️G. teth n. “bud”; see instead:
- N. tui “sprout, bud”
- ⚠️G. tethla- v. “to bud”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tuilu- “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
- N. tui n. “sprout, bud”
- N. tuia- v. “to sprout, spring; to swell”
- ᴺS. [G.] tuig n. “shoot, sapling, ⚠️sprout”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !tuila- v. “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tuilu- “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
- ᴺS. !tuilu- v. “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
- ⚠️G. tuitha- v. “to sprout, spring, gush”; see instead:
- N. tuia- “to sprout, spring; to swell”
8.575 Lily
- ᴺS. [G.] nala n. “(yellow) lily”
- ⚠️G. ninion n. “water lily”
8.58 Rose
- ⚠️N. beril n. “rose”; see instead:
- S. meril “rose”
- S. meril n. “rose”
8.599 Flower (other)
- S. eirien n. “daisy”
- S., N. elanor n. “pimpernel, small golden star-shaped flower, (lit.) sun-star”
- ⚠️G. glonthen n. “dandelion, (lit.) eye of the day”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^orchen “dandelion, (lit.) day-eye”
- ᴺS. !glorchadhu n. “lotus, (lit.) golden seat”
- ⚠️G. glo(r)nethlin n. “meadowgold, buttercup”; see instead:
- ᴺS. malthos “butter cup”
- ⚠️G. hetheglon n. “daisy”; see instead:
- S. eirien “daisy”
- ⚠️N. hmâl n. “pollen, yellow powder”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mâl “pollen, yellow powder”
- ⚠️G. hum(i)los n. “(red) poppy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lurloth “poppy, (lit.) flower of sleep”
- S. lissuin n. “a fragrant flower”
- ᴺS. !lurloth n. “poppy, (lit.) flower of sleep”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^mâl n. “pollen, yellow powder”
- S. mallos n. “golden flower”
- ⚠️G. maloglin n. “yellow song, daffodil”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !melillin “daffodil, (orig.) yellow song”
- ᴺS. [G.] malthos n. “butter cup”
- ᴺS. !melillin n. “daffodil, (orig.) yellow song”
- ⚠️G. nalairin n. “iris”; see instead:
- S. ninglor “golden water-flower, *yellow iris”
- ᴺS. !nelluin n. “bluebell”
- ᴺS. !nennibis n. “waterlily, (lit.) water snowflake”
- ⚠️G. ninconin n. “snowdrop”; see instead:
- S. niphredil “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
- S. ninglor n. “golden water-flower, *yellow iris”
- ⚠️N. nínim n. “snowdrop”; see instead:
- S. niphredil “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
- S., N. niphredil n. “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^orchen n. “dandelion, (lit.) day-eye”
- ⚠️N. palath² n. “iris”; see instead:
- S. ninglor “golden water-flower, *yellow iris”
- S. pirin n. “flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light”
- S. uilos n. “white flower like a star”
8.60 Tree (generic)
- ⚠️G. †alwen n. “tree”; see instead:
- S. galadh “tree”
- S., N. galadh n. “tree”
- S. galadhremmen adj. “tree-meshed”
- ⚠️G. galdon n. “tree”; see instead:
- S. galadh “tree”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. orn n. “(tall straight) tree”
8.61 Oak
- ⚠️G. dorn(a) [nd-] n. “(holm) oak, ilex”; see instead:
- N. doron “oak”
- N. doron n. “oak”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gorw n. “oak”
- ⚠️G. grôn adj. “oak, oaktree”
- ⚠️G. grondrui n. “oakwood”
- ⚠️G. gronduru n. “oakwood (mat)”
- ⚠️G. grontholas adj. “oakleaved”
- ⚠️G. gronthorn n. “oaktree”
- ⚠️G. gronthos n. “oaktree”
- ⚠️S. nordh n. “oak”; see instead:
- N. doron “oak”
8.62 Beech
- ⚠️ᴱN. deilian n. “beech-tree”; see instead:
- S. neldor “beech”
- ⚠️G. deldrinwed [nd-] adj. “beechen”
- ⚠️G. deldrogod [nd-] n. “beech nut”
- ⚠️G. deldron [nd-] n. “beech (tree)”; see instead:
- S. neldor “beech”
- ⚠️G. deldron grondolas [nd-] n. “oakleaved beech”
- N. †fêr n. “beech-tree”
- ⚠️G. gronthos deldrinwed n. “oakleaved beech”
- S. neldor n. “beech”
8.63 Birch
- S., N. brethil¹ n. “silver-birch; ⚠️[N.] beech”
- ⚠️G. cwileg n. “alder”
- S. hwinn n. “birch”
8.635 Elm
- S. alaf n. “elm”
- ⚠️N. lalf n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
- ⚠️G. lalm n. “elm, elm-wood”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
- ⚠️G. lalmir n. “elm tree”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^lalorn n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
- ⚠️N. lalven n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
- ⚠️N. lhalorn n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ólin n. “elm”; see instead:
- S. alaf “elm”
8.64 Pine
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. aigos n. “pine-tree”; see instead:
- S. thôn “pine-tree”
- ᴺS. [G.] finios n. “larch”
- ⚠️N. thaun n. “pine-tree”; see instead:
- S. thôn “pine-tree”
- S. thôn n. “pine-tree”
8.65 Fir
- ᴺS. !ecthelorn n. “spruce, fir-tree”
8.655 Tree (other)
- ⚠️G. blantos n. “sycamore”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
- ⚠️G. codorn n. “*nut tree”
- ᴺS. !collorn n. “laburnum, *(lit.) orange-tree”
- ⚠️G. cwithwiros n. “poplar”; see instead:
- N. tulus “poplar-tree”
- S. faran n. “rowan, *ash”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gwendod n. “elder tree; elderberry, *(lit.) maiden berry”
- ⚠️G. gwindod n. “elder tree; elderberry”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwendod “elder tree; elderberry, *(lit.) maiden berry”
- S. huorn n. “?spirit tree”
- ⚠️N. lebethras n. “Gondorian tree”; see instead:
- S. lebethron “Gondorian hardwood, *(lit.) finger tree”
- S. lebethron n. “Gondorian hardwood, *(lit.) finger tree”
- ⚠️ᴱN. loloth n. “poplar-tree”; see instead:
- N. tulus “poplar-tree”
- ⚠️G. mabinos n. “plane tree”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
- ⚠️G. mabinos gwilbriniol n. “sycamore”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^mablanthos n. “sycamore”
- S., N. mallorn n. “gold tree, yellow tree”
- ⚠️G. mavlantos n. “sycamore”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
- ᴺS. [G.] omlos n. “chestnut tree, *chestnut”
- ⚠️G. ormagodron n. “a (Spanish) chestnut tree”
- ⚠️G. padhwen n. “bark”; see instead:
- S. #rîf “bark”
- S. #rîf n. “bark”
- ⚠️G. soros n. “ash-tree”; see instead:
- S. faran “rowan, *ash”
- S. tathar n. “willow (tree)”
- ⚠️N. tathor n. “willow-tree”; see instead:
- S. tathar “willow (tree)”
- S., N. tathren adj. “of willow(s)”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. tathrin n. “willow”; see instead:
- S. tathar “willow (tree)”
- S. tathren “of willow(s)”
- N. tulus n. “poplar-tree”
8.66 Acorn
- N. breth n. “mast, *fallen nuts or acorns”
- ⚠️G. delmos n. “beech nuts, mast [= fruit of beech, oak, chestnut]”; see instead:
- N. breth “mast, *fallen nuts or acorns”
- ⚠️G. govin(d)riol adj. “long-acorned”
- ⚠️G. gronoch n. “acorn”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^noch n. “acorn”
- ⚠️G. nocha n. “acorn”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^noch “acorn”
- ⚠️G. nochinra adj. “long-acorned”
8.67 Vine
- ᴺS. [G.] ^edol n. “ivy”
- ⚠️G. ethl(in) n. “ivy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^edol “ivy”
- ⚠️G. -liont suf. “*tendril”
8.68 Tobacco
- ⚠️G. fugla- v. “to smoke (a pipe)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !uitha- “to smoke (trans.)”
- ⚠️G. fuglas n. “tobacco, *(lit.) smoke leaf”; see instead:
- S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
- ⚠️G. fuglathrod n. “pipe”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !galenathrod “(smoking) pipe”
- ⚠️N. fuilas n. “pipeweed”; see instead:
- S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
- S., N. galenas n. “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
- ᴺS. !galenathrod n. “(smoking) pipe”
- ⚠️N. marlas n. “pipeweed”; see instead:
- S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
- ⚠️N. romloth n. “pipeweed”; see instead:
- S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
8.99 Vegetation (other)
- ⚠️N. chwann n. “sponge, fungus”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwand “sponge, fungus”
- ⚠️G. clum(mi) n. “mushroom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !telum “mushroom”
- ⚠️G. criscolas n. “holly, (lit.) *sharp-leaf”; see instead:
- S. ereg “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
- S., N. ereg n. “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
- N. eregdos n. “holly, holly-tree”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^fileb n. “fern”
- ⚠️G. fileg n. “fern”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^fileb “fern”
- N. fileg “small bird, [G.] *sparrow”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^gaeruil n. “seaweed”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hwand n. “sponge, fungus”
- ᴺS. !loew n. “moss”
- ⚠️N. oeruil n. “seaweed”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gaeruil “seaweed”
- ⚠️N. *Ogod n. “Ent”; see instead:
- S. Onod “Ent”
- S. Onod n. “Ent”
- ⚠️G. pibinaith(ros) n. “hawthorn”
- ⚠️G. sempios n. “holly, (lit.) *red-berry”; see instead:
- S. ereg “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
- S. seregon n. “stonecrop, plant with red flowers, (lit.) blood of stone”
- ᴺS. [G.] tadhos n. “hawthorn”
- ᴺS. !telum n. “mushroom”
- N. toss n. “bush, low-growing tree”
- ⚠️G. tuthlos n. “a teazle”
- N. uil n. “seaweed”
9.
Physical Acts and Materials
- 9.11 to Do, Make
- 9.112 Doer, Agent
- 9.114 Action
- 9.12 Work, Labor
- 9.13 to Work, Toil
- 9.14 to Bend
- 9.16 to Bind
- 9.17 Bond
- 9.18 Chain
- 9.19 Rope, Cord
- 9.192 Knot
- 9.21 to Hit, Strike, Beat
- 9.22 to Cut
- 9.23 Knife (tool)
- 9.25 Ax
- 9.26 to Break
- 9.27 to Split
- 9.28 to Tear
- 9.29 to Flay, Skin
- 9.31 to Rub
- 9.32 to Stretch
- 9.33 to Draw, Pull
- 9.342 to Press
- 9.35 to Pour
- 9.36 to Wash
- 9.37 to Sweep
- 9.38 Broom
- 9.41 Craft, Trade
- 9.412 Art
- 9.413 Horn, Trumpet
- 9.42 Artisan, Craftsman
- 9.422 Tool
- 9.423 to Use
- 9.43 Carpenter
- 9.44 to Build
- 9.45 to Hew
- 9.455 to Poke, Prick, Stab
- 9.48 Saw
- 9.49 Hammer
- 9.50 Nail, Peg
- 9.51 Beam
- 9.52 Board
- 9.54 Brick
- 9.60 Smith
- 9.61 to Forge
- 9.635 Metal
- 9.64 Gold
- 9.65 Silver
- 9.66 Copper, Bronze
- 9.67 Iron
- 9.69 Tin, Tin-Plate
- 9.71 Potter
- 9.74 Glass
- 9.76 Basket
- 9.81 to Carve
- 9.87 Painting, Picture
- 9.88 Paint
- 9.90 Thing
- 9.91 Be
- 9.92 Become
- 9.93 Need, Necessity
- 9.94 Ought, Must
- 9.943 Fitting, Suitable
- 9.95 Can, May
- 9.96 Easy
- 9.97 Difficult
- 9.98 to Try
- 9.99 Try
- 9.993 to Happen
9.11 to Do, Make
- S., N., ᴱN. car- v. “to do, make”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cara- v. “to make, do, perform, act (trans. and absolute)”; see instead:
- S. car- “to do, make”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] -garn suf. “-made”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tha- v. “to make, cause to be”; see instead:
- S. tho- “*will be”
9.112 Doer, Agent
- ᴺS. !caron n. “actor, agent, doer, maker”
- N. ceredir n. “doer, maker, *crafter (m.)”
- N. #-dis suf. “feminine agent”
- ⚠️G. #-(n)ir suf. “(feminine) agent”; see instead:
- N. #-dis “feminine agent”
- S., N., G. #-or suf. “agental suffix”
- N., G. -(r)il suf. “feminine agent”
- S., N., G. #-(r)on suf. “agental suffix”
9.114 Action
- S. athragared n. “interaction”
- ⚠️G. cara n. “deed, act”; see instead:
- S. #carth “deed”
- ⚠️ᴱN. carbh n. “deed”; see instead:
- S. #carth “deed”
- S. #cared n. “action, *doing, making”
- ⚠️G. cariod(wen) n. “activity”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !carthas “activity”
- ⚠️G. carm n. “deed, act, exploit”; see instead:
- S. #carth “deed”
- ⚠️S. #carn n. “deed”; see instead:
- S. #carth “deed”
- S., N. #carth n. “deed”
- ᴺS. !carthas n. “activity”
- S. carweg adj. “active; busy”
- ᴺS. !caur n. “action, doing, making; verb”
- S. úgarol adj. “idling, not now doing or making”
9.12 Work, Labor
- ᴺS. [G.] drab n. “labour, toil, irksome work”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^drabol adj. “labouring”
- ⚠️G. drabri adj. “labouring”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^drabol “labouring”
- ⚠️ᴱN. o(r)dhraust adj. “without work, workless”
- N. tass n. “labour, task”
9.13 to Work, Toil
- ᴺS. [G.] drab- v. “to labour, work; (impersonal) to irk, annoy”
- N. muda- v. “to labour, toil, *work”
- ⚠️G. urtha- v. “to work, wreak, fashion, make, devise”
9.14 to Bend
- ⚠️G. cam(m)a- v. “to stoop, bend, bow, cower; to submit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !logra- “to stoop, bow, cower; to submit”
- ⚠️G. caug² adj. “humped, bulging; bent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tomp “humped, bulging”
- N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
- ⚠️G. cav- v. “to bend, make stoop”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. cavra- v. “to stoop, cower”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !logra- “to stoop, bow, cower; to submit”
- ᴺS. !cov- v. “to bow”
- ⚠️ᴱN. crib- v. “to bend”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. crictha- v. “to bend”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️ᴱN. crimtha- v. “to bend (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. crinc adj. and n. “bent and thin; crescent”; see instead:
- N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
- S. cû “bow; [N.] arch, crescent; ⚠️[G.] waxing or waning moon”
- N., G. cûn adj. “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
- ⚠️G. cuptha- v. “to bend (tr).”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. gwed- v. “to wind, turn, bend (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. gwedhweg adj. “meandering, twisting, winding; intricate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !logweg “meandering, twisting, winding; intricate; (lit.) apt to bend”
- ⚠️G. gwedhwin n. “bend, loop”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lûg “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
- ⚠️G. gwedhwion adj. “bending, looping”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^logren “curled, curly, *bending, looping”
- ⚠️G. loctha n. “twist, tendril, spiral, coil”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loeth “twist, tendril, spiral, coil”
- ⚠️G. loctha- v. “to curl (tr.), bend, wind, twine, tie knot, tangle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^loeth n. “twist, tendril, spiral, coil”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^loetha- v. “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. log- v. “to curl (intr.), bend (intr.), wind (twine round anything), twine”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
- ᴺS. !logra- v. “to stoop, bow, cower; to submit”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^logren adj. “curled, curly, *bending, looping”
- ⚠️G. logrin adj. “curled, curly”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^logren “curled, curly, *bending, looping”
- ᴺS. !logweg adj. “meandering, twisting, winding; intricate; (lit.) apt to bend”
- ᴺS. [G.] lonc n. “curl”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lûg n. “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
- ⚠️G. lûgi n. “a wind, a twist; guile, deceit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lûg “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
- ⚠️G. naud adj. “bowed, bent; ashamed, abashed, bashful”; see instead:
- N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
- ⚠️G. nud- v. “to incline head, bend face down”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nunna- “to incline head, bend face down, *nod; to assent, *agree”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nunna- v. “to incline head, bend face down, *nod; to assent, *agree”
9.16 to Bind
- ⚠️G. botheb- v. “to untie, undo, unloose”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dannod- “to untie, undo, unloose”
- ᴺS. !dannod- v. “to untie, undo, unloose”
- N. #gwedh- v. “to bind”
- ⚠️G. heb- v. “to bind, bind round”; see instead:
- N. #gwedh- “to bind”
- S. #heb- “to keep”
- N. naud adj. “bound”
- N. nod-² v. “to tie”
- N. taetha- v. “to fasten, tie”
- ⚠️G. ther- v. “to tie”; see instead:
- N. nod-² “to tie”
- ᴺS. !ther- “to sew”
9.17 Bond
- ⚠️ᴱN. gaduin n. “bond, obstacle, hindrance”
- N. gwedh n. “bond”
- ᴺS. [G.] hemp n. “band, bond; ⚠️cord”
- N. nûd n. “bond”
9.18 Chain
- ⚠️ᴱN. angath n. “fetters”; see instead:
- N. angwedh “chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond”
- N. angwedh n. “chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond”
- S. nadha n. “fetter”
9.19 Rope, Cord
- S. hithlain n. “mist thread, grey elvish rope”
- ⚠️N. hniof n. “noose, snare”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nŷw “noose, snare”
- ⚠️G. laim n. “thong, rope”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lath “thong (of leather)”
- S. #raph “rope, strap”
- ⚠️G. lind n. “twine”; see instead:
- S. lind¹ “song, chant, singing, ⚠️[N.] air, tune; [N. and S.] singer”
- N. nordh adj. “cord”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^nŷw n. “noose, snare”
- S. #raph n. “rope, strap”
9.192 Knot
- N. nardh n. “knot”
- N. norn adj. “twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted”
- ⚠️G. thred n. “knot”; see instead:
- N. nardh “knot”
9.21 to Hit, Strike, Beat
- N. batha- v. “to trample”
- N., ᴱN. dram n. “heavy stroke, heavy blow”
- N. dringa- v. “to beat”
- ᴺS. !lach- v. “to kick”
- ⚠️G. palta- v. “to beat”; see instead:
- N. dringa- “to beat”
- N. tamma- v. “to knock”
- ⚠️G. throsta- v. “to beat, splash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !felechia- “to splash”
- N. dringa- “to beat”
- ⚠️G. throth n. “beat (of oars, wings, etc.)”
9.22 to Cut
- S., N., G. criss n. “cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; ⚠️[N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine”
- ᴺS. [G.] crista- v. “to slash, cut, slice”
- ⚠️G. fag- v. “to cut”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rista- “to cut; to rend, rip”
- ⚠️G. fagin adj. “cut”
- ⚠️G. fanc n. “cut”; see instead:
- S. #rest “[N.] cut”
- ⚠️G. flinc n. “chip”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^techu “chip”
- N. #osgar- v. “to cut round, amputate”
- S. #rest n. “[N.] cut”
- ⚠️N. rhest n. “cut”; see instead:
- S. #rest “[N.] cut”
- ⚠️N. rhista- v. “to cut”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rista- “to cut; to rend, rip”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rista- v. “to cut; to rend, rip”
- ᴺS. [S.] ^techu n. “chip”
- ⚠️S. tewch n. “(?chip)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^techu “chip”
9.23 Knife (tool)
- ᴺS. !cerf n. “knife”
- ⚠️G. crî n. “knife”; see instead:
- N. sigil “dagger, knife”
- N. sigil n. “dagger, knife”
9.25 Ax
- ⚠️ᴱN. dail n. “axe (blade)”; see instead:
- S. hathol “axe”
- N. hathel “broadsword-blade, axe-blade”
- S. dail “beautiful, fine, delicate, lovely”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hant n. “a blow with an axe”; see instead:
- N. hast “axe-stroke”
- N. hast n. “axe-stroke”
- S. hathol n. “axe”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. peleg n. “axe”; see instead:
- S. hathol “axe”
9.26 to Break
- ᴺS. !estelia- v. “to hope for, trust in”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orthanc adj. “unbroken, without break or cleavage, united, continuous; masked”
- ⚠️G. ractha- v. “to shatter”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rag- “to break (asunder), burst”
- ⚠️G. ractha n. “breach”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raeth² “breach, *burst”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^raeth² n. “breach, *burst”
- ᴺS. [G.] rag- v. “to break (asunder), burst”
- ᴺS. !ragui adj. “fragile, breakable”
- ⚠️G. ranc n. “burst, breach”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raeth² “breach, *burst”
- ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”
9.27 to Split
- ⚠️ᴱN. daila- v. “to cleave”; see instead:
- N. hasta- “to hack through, *cleave”
- ⚠️G. †hanna- v. “to mow, cleave”; see instead:
- N. hasta- “to hack through, *cleave”
- ᴺS. ^salcha- “to scythe or mow”
- N. hasta- v. “to hack through, *cleave”
- ᴺS. !ress² adj. “cleft, cloven, separate”
- S. riss n. “cleft, [N.] ravine; ⚠️cleft, cloven, separate”
- ᴺS. !thaetha- v. “to split”
- S., N., ᴱN. #thanc adj. and n. “forked, [N.] cleft, split, [ᴱN.] divided, cloven, bifurcated; [ᴱN.] cleft, break, breach”
9.28 to Tear
- N. narcha- v. “to rend”
- ᴺS. [G.] rov- v. “to tear”
9.29 to Flay, Skin
- ⚠️G. daf- v. “to strip, flay, peel skin”; see instead:
- N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
- ⚠️G. dauth(r)a- v. “to strip, flay”; see instead:
- N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwath- v. “to strip”; see instead:
- N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
- N. heltha- v. “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
- ⚠️G. pasta- v. “to skin, peel, flay”; see instead:
- N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
9.31 to Rub
- ᴺS. [G.] gratha- v. “to rub, scratch, fray”
- ᴺS. !run- v. “to rub, grind”
9.32 to Stretch
- ᴺS. !lad- v. “to stretch, extend (in length)”
- ⚠️G. lenu- v. “to stretch, extend in length, trail; ?to approach”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lad- “to stretch, extend (in length)”
- N. pelia- v. “to spread”
9.33 to Draw, Pull
- ⚠️G. cilt n. “jerk”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rinc “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
- ⚠️G. ciltha- v. “to tug, jerk (out)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ritha- “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
- ᴺS. !etholtha- v. “to extract, make come out”
- ⚠️G. hal(a)- v. “to drag, draw, pull”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
- ᴺS. !thag- “to draw, pull”
- ⚠️G. halcha- v. “to drag on ground (roughly)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
- ⚠️G. halm n. “draught, draft, drawing (of fishes etc.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
- ᴺS. !log- v. “to haul, drag”
- ⚠️N. rhinc n. “twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rinc “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
- ⚠️N. rhitha- v. “to jerk, twitch, snatch”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ritha- “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rinc n. “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
- ᴺS. !ritha- v. “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
- ᴺS. !thag- v. “to draw, pull”
- ᴺS. !thagel adj. “pulling, luring”
9.342 to Press
- ᴺS. [G.] gweltha- v. “to squeeze, press”
9.35 to Pour
- ⚠️G. gulta- v. “to pour out (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ol-¹ “to pour”
- ᴺS. !ol-¹ v. “to pour”
- ⚠️G. ultha- v. “to pour out (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ol-¹ “to pour”
9.36 to Wash
- ⚠️G. fas- v. “to wash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^puida- “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
- ᴺS. ^sov- “to wash clean, bathe”
- ⚠️G. fast¹ n. “wash, cleaning”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !puidh “wash, cleaning”
- N. fast “shaggy hair”
- ⚠️G. fôs n. “bath”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sûn “bath”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhuv- v. “to wash”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^puida- “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
- ᴺS. ^sov- “to wash clean, bathe”
- ᴺS. !puidh n. “wash, cleaning”
- ⚠️G. sô- v. “to wash clean, bathe”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^sov- “to wash clean, bathe”
- ⚠️G. soth n. “bath”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sûn “bath”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^sov- v. “to wash clean, bathe”
- ᴺS. !sûn n. “bath”
9.37 to Sweep
- ⚠️G. fwegra- v. “to sweep”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hwegra- “to sweep”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hwegra- v. “to sweep”
9.38 Broom
- ⚠️G. fweg n. “broom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hweg “broom”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hweg n. “broom”
9.41 Craft, Trade
- ⚠️G. aurin adj. “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tavnen “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. curu n. “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
- ⚠️G. fimli n. “skill”; see instead:
- S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
- ⚠️G. fimlios n. “skilfulness”
- ⚠️G. mabol adj. “skilful”; see instead:
- S. maed² “handy, skillful, [N.] skilled”
- S. maed² adj. “handy, skillful, [N.] skilled”
- N. maen adj. “skilled, clever”
- N. maenas n. “craft, handicraft, art”
- ⚠️N. moed adj. “handy, skilled”; see instead:
- S. maed² “handy, skillful, [N.] skilled”
- S. rovaed adj. “[most] skillful”
- ⚠️G. sôn² n. “craft, skill”; see instead:
- S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
- S. tavn n. “thing made by handicraft”
- ᴺS. !tavnen adj. “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned”
9.412 Art
- S. maeron n. “artist”
9.413 Horn, Trumpet
- ⚠️ᴱN. hont n. “trumpet, trumpeting noise”; see instead:
- S. rom “horn, trumpet”
- ⚠️G. ligin n. “curved horn, trump”; see instead:
- S. rom “horn, trumpet”
- ⚠️G. ligindon n. “blare of trumps”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^romru “sound of horns”
- ⚠️N. rhom n. “horn, trumpet”; see instead:
- S. rom “horn, trumpet”
- ⚠️N. rhomru n. “sound of horns”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^romru “sound of horns”
- ⚠️N. †rhû n. “loud sound, trumpet-sound”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^†rû “loud sound, trumpet-sound”
- S. rom n. “horn, trumpet”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^romru n. “sound of horns”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^†rû n. “loud sound, trumpet-sound”
9.42 Artisan, Craftsman
- ᴺS. !ceredis n. “crafter (f.)”
- ⚠️G. finweg n. “craftsman, man of skill”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maenor “craftsman”
- ᴺS. !maenor n. “craftsman”
- S., N. #tân n. “builder, smith, wright, artificer”
9.422 Tool
- ᴺS. !carf n. “tool, implement, weapon”
- ⚠️G. gaig n. “weapon, tool”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !carf “tool, implement, weapon”
- N. gaud n. “device, contrivance, machine”
9.423 to Use
- N. iuith n. “use”
- N. iuitha- v. “to employ”
- S. maetha- v. “to handle, wield, use, manage, treat, deal with”
- N. tortha- v. “to wield, control”
9.43 Carpenter
- N. thavron n. “carpenter, wright, builder”
9.44 to Build
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^adaba- v. “to build, erect, establish”
- ⚠️ᴱN. adag- v. “to build, erect, establish”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^adaba- “to build, erect, establish”
- ⚠️G. bada- v. “to build”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^adaba- “to build, erect, establish”
- ⚠️ᴱN. edebion n. “builder”; see instead:
- N. thavron “carpenter, wright, builder”
- ⚠️ᴱN. edengion n. “builder”; see instead:
- N. thavron “carpenter, wright, builder”
- ᴺS. [G.] tag- v. “to fix, make firm, *fasten, ⚠️construct”
9.45 to Hew
- N. drava- v. “to hew”
- ⚠️G. flig- v. “to hew”; see instead:
- N. drava- “to hew”
- ⚠️G. pelectha- v. “to hew”; see instead:
- N. drava- “to hew”
9.455 to Poke, Prick, Stab
- ⚠️G. aitha- v. “to prick, sting”; see instead:
- S. eitha-¹ “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
- S. eitha-¹ v. “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
- ⚠️ᴱN. eithra- v. “to prick, stab”; see instead:
- S. eitha-¹ “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
- ⚠️G. elta- v. “to draw, tug, lug; to thrust, dig, poke (inward)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
- N. nasta- “to prick, point, stick, thrust”
- N. erch n. “prickle”
- N. ercha- v. “to prick”
- ⚠️G. ilta- v. “to stick in, prod, prick”; see instead:
- N. nasta- “to prick, point, stick, thrust”
- ᴺS. [G.] irtha- v. “to peck”
- N. nasta- v. “to prick, point, stick, thrust”
- ⚠️G. piectha- v. “to pin, prick”
- ⚠️G. tigla- v. “to prick”
9.48 Saw
- ᴺS. [G.] thar- v. “to saw (up)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^tharf n. “saw”
- ⚠️G. tharm n. “saw”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tharf “saw”
9.49 Hammer
- N. dam [nd-] n. “hammer”
- N. damma- [nd-] v. “to hammer”
- S., N. #dring n. “hammer, *beater”
- ⚠️G. odrum n. “hammer”; see instead:
- S. #dring “hammer, *beater”
9.50 Nail, Peg
- N. taes n. “nail”
- N. taew n. “holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple”
9.51 Beam
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. bang n. “staff”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gonnoth n. “pillar, stele, memorial”
- ⚠️G. gontha¹ n. “pillar, stele, memorial”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gonnoth “pillar, stele, memorial”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orvang adj. “staffless”
- S. #tagol n. “post, mark”
- ⚠️ᴱN. taichr n. “prop, support”; see instead:
- N. tulu “support, prop”
- ⚠️G. talp¹ n. “prop, support”; see instead:
- N. tulu “support, prop”
- ⚠️G. talpon n. “a slender pillar”
- ⚠️G. taul n. “pillar”
- ⚠️N. thafn n. “post, wooden pillar”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^thavn “post, wooden pillar”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^thavn n. “post, wooden pillar”
- N. tulu n. “support, prop”
9.52 Board
- N. pân n. “plank, fixed board (especially in a floor)”
- ⚠️G. thrad n. “a plank, board, shelf”; see instead:
- N. pân “plank, fixed board (especially in a floor)”
9.54 Brick
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^tehar n. “brick”
- ⚠️ᴱN. teiar n. “brick”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tehar “brick”
- ᴺS. ^tehar “brick”
9.60 Smith
- ⚠️ᴱN. taglon n. “smith”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tagron “smith”
- ⚠️G. †tagor n. “smith”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tagron “smith”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^tagron n. “smith”
- ⚠️G. tagros n. “smith”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tagron “smith”
- ⚠️G. ûr n. “smith”; see instead:
- S. #tân “builder, smith, wright, artificer”
- S. *ûr “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”
9.61 to Forge
- ᴺS. !maga- v. “to forge metal”
9.635 Metal
- S. galvorn n. “type of dark metal devised by Eöl, *(lit.) shining-black”
- ᴺS. [G.] ger n. “ore, [unrefined] metal”
- ⚠️G. gerin adj. “metallic”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tingen “metallic”
- ⚠️G. giltha n. “white metal”; see instead:
- S. celeb “silver”
- S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
- ᴺS. !loph n. “nugget, (small) chunk, clump, tidbit”
- ᴺS. !minol n. “ingot”
- ⚠️S. #raud² n. “metal”; see instead:
- N. tinc “metal”
- ⚠️N. rhaud n. “metal”; see instead:
- N. tinc “metal”
- ⚠️N. †rhoss² n. “polished metal”; see instead:
- S. ross² “red-haired, copper-coloured”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^†ross n. “polished metal”; see instead:
- S. ross² “red-haired, copper-coloured”
- N. tinc n. “metal”
- ᴺS. !tingen adj. “metallic”
9.64 Gold
- ⚠️N. côl n. “gold (metal)”; see instead:
- S. malt “gold (as metal)”
- ⚠️G. †culu n. “gold”; see instead:
- S. malt “gold (as metal)”
- ⚠️G. culwin adj. “golden”; see instead:
- S. #glóriel “golden”
- S. mallen “golden, ⚠️[N.] of gold”
- S., N. glaur n. and adj. “gold [light or colour]”
- S., N. glawar n. “gold (light or colour); [N.] sunlight, radiance (of Laurelin)”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. glór n. “gold”; see instead:
- S. glaur “gold [light or colour]”
- S., N. #glóriel adj. “golden”
- S., G. #glórin adj. “golden, ⚠️[G.] of gold”
- ⚠️G. glôriol adj. “golden, like gold”; see instead:
- S. #glóriel “golden”
- S., N. mallen adj. “golden, ⚠️[N.] of gold”
- S., N. malt n. “gold (as metal)”
- N. malthen adj. “of gold [metal]”
9.65 Silver
- ⚠️ᴱN. celaith adj. “of silver”; see instead:
- N. celevon “*of silver”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. celeb n. “silver”
- ⚠️N., ᴱN. celebren adj. “of silver, like silver”; see instead:
- S. celebrin “like silver (in hue or worth), ⚠️[G.] of silver”
- S., G. celebrin adj. “like silver (in hue or worth), ⚠️[G.] of silver”
- ⚠️G. celebriol adj. “like silver”; see instead:
- S. celebrin “like silver (in hue or worth), ⚠️[G.] of silver”
- ⚠️G. celeptha adj. “silvern”; see instead:
- N. celevon “*of silver”
- N. celevon adj. “*of silver”
- ⚠️N. erceleb n. “*true-silver”; see instead:
- S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
- ⚠️N. ithil n. “Moria-silver, true-silver”; see instead:
- S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
- S., N. mithril n. “Moria-silver, true-silver”
- ⚠️N. thilevril n. “*true-silver”; see instead:
- S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlub n. “silver”; see instead:
- S. celeb “silver”
- ⚠️ᴱN. urgeleb adj. “without silver”
9.66 Copper, Bronze
- S. rust n. “copper”
- S. rustui adj. “copper, *of copper, like copper”
- ⚠️G. tam n. “copper”; see instead:
- S. rust “copper”
- ⚠️G. tambin adj. “of copper”; see instead:
- S. rustui “copper, *of copper, like copper”
- ⚠️G. tambrin adj. “like copper”; see instead:
- S. rustui “copper, *of copper, like copper”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !urun n. “copper”; see instead:
- S. rust “copper”
9.67 Iron
- S., N., ᴱN., G. ang n. “iron”
- ⚠️ᴱN. angeb adj. “like iron”
- S., N., ᴱN. angren adj. “of iron”
- ⚠️G. angrin adj. “of iron, iron”; see instead:
- S. angren “of iron”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gaes n. “steel”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gaesen adj. “of steel”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gaethren adj. “like steel”
- ⚠️G. gais n. “steel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gaes “steel”
- ⚠️G. gaisin adj. “of steel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gaesen “of steel”
- ⚠️G. gaithrin adj. “like steel”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gaethren “like steel”
- ᴺS. !thornang n. “steel, (lit.) hard-iron”
9.69 Tin, Tin-Plate
- ᴺS. [G.] ladog n. “tin [metal]”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !thint n. “tin (metal)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ladog “tin [metal]”
9.71 Potter
- ⚠️G. arin(g) n. “kiln”
- N. cennan n. “potter”
- N. cevnas n. “earthenware”
- ⚠️N. cevnor n. “potter”
9.74 Glass
- S. [Ilk.] ?bril n. “glass, crystal”
- ⚠️ᴱN. brin n. “dwarf-glass”
- ⚠️G. brin(in) n. “glassy substance”
- ⚠️G. celc n. “glass, a glass”; see instead:
- S. heledh “glass”
- ⚠️ᴱN. celch n. “glass”; see instead:
- S. heledh “glass”
- ⚠️G. celchin adj. “of glass”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !heledhren “glassy, like glass, of glass”
- ⚠️G. celchwed adj. “glassy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !heledhren “glassy, like glass, of glass”
- ⚠️G. †celeg n. “glass”; see instead:
- S. heledh “glass”
- ⚠️G. celegrin adj. “glassy, like glass”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !heledhren “glassy, like glass, of glass”
- S. glathralvas n. “flashing glass/crystal, *heliograph”
- ⚠️G. glint n. “crystal”; see instead:
- S. silef “(white) crystal; ⚠️[N.] silver, shining white”
- ⚠️N. hele n. “glass”; see instead:
- S. heledh “glass”
- S. heledh n. “glass”
- ᴺS. !heledhren adj. “glassy, like glass, of glass”
- S., N. silef n. and adj. “(white) crystal; ⚠️[N.] silver, shining white”
- S. silivren adj. “(white) glittering, crystalline”
- ⚠️G. sincli n. “crystal”; see instead:
- S. silef “(white) crystal; ⚠️[N.] silver, shining white”
9.76 Basket
- ⚠️G. colc n. “chest, box”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^colch “box, chest”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^colch n. “box, chest”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cón n. “box”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^colch “box, chest”
- ᴺS. !pôg n. “bag”
9.81 to Carve
- ⚠️G. cautha-² v. “to shave”; see instead:
- ᴺS. thas- “to shave”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rhib- v. “to scratch”
- ᴺS. [G.] rimp n. “shred, slice, sliver”
- ᴺS. [G.] thas- v. “to shave”
- ⚠️G. thasc adj. “shaven”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^thasg “shaven”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^thasg adj. “shaven”
- ᴺS. [G.] thasgim n. “razor, (lit.) shave-blade”
- ᴺS. [G.] thast n. “shaving(s)”
- ⚠️G. thastril n. “razor”; see instead:
- ᴺS. thasgim “razor, (lit.) shave-blade”
- ⚠️G. thathri n. “shavings, sawdust”
- ⚠️N. thrib- v. “to scratch”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rhib- “to scratch”
9.87 Painting, Picture
- ᴺS. !em n. “picture, image”
- ᴺS. !emmas v. “painting, drawing”
- ᴺS. !mínem n. “movie, motion picture”
9.88 Paint
- ᴺS. !emma- v. “to paint, draw (something)”
9.90 Thing
- ⚠️G. cith n. “affair, matter, thing”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^sith “affair, matter”
- N., ᴱN., G. nad n. “thing”
- ⚠️G. nath n. “thing, affair, matter”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^sith “affair, matter”
- N. nath “web”
- S. rhû² n. “matter”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^sith n. “affair, matter”
9.91 Be
- ⚠️S. dha v. “there is”
- S., G. #na- v. “to be”
- ᴺS. [G.] nast n. “being (used for both a creature and the state of existence)”
- ᴺS. !nî- v. “was”
- S. tho- v. “*will be”
9.92 Become
- ⚠️ᴺS. !ol-² v. “to become”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ola- “to become”
- ᴺS. !ola- v. “to become”
9.93 Need, Necessity
- N. baur [mb-] n. “need”
- ᴺS. !baura- [mb-] v. “to need, require”
9.94 Ought, Must
- ᴺS. [N.] ^boe [mb-] v. “must (impersonal), (lit.) *[it] needs”
- ⚠️N. bui [mb-] v. “must (impersonal), (lit.) *[it] needs”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^boe “must (impersonal), (lit.) *[it] needs”
9.943 Fitting, Suitable
- ᴺS. !camma- v. “to make fit, suit, accommodate, adapt”
- ᴺS. !cammui adj. “suitable, fitting, convenient”
- ⚠️G. tauga adj. “suitable, fitting, convenient”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !cammui “suitable, fitting, convenient”
9.95 Can, May
- ⚠️G. og- v. “to be able, can”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pol- “can, to be (physically) able to”
- ⚠️G. ogor n. “might, power, ability”; see instead:
- ᴺS. polodh “power, might, authority”
- S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
- ⚠️G. ogra prep. “able to”
- ⚠️G. ogriol adj. “possible”
- ᴺS. !pol- v. “can, to be (physically) able to”
- ᴺS. !poltha- v. “to (physically) enable”
- ⚠️G. tur- v. “can, to have power to”
9.96 Easy
- S. ath- pref. “easy, easily”
- S. athgar adj. “easy (easy to do)”
- S. athgen adj. “easily seen”
- ⚠️S. rhae adj. “easy”; see instead:
- S. athgar “easy (easy to do)”
- S. rhanc “awkward, hard”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^trog adj. “easy to handle; convenient, tractable, docile”
- ⚠️G. trug adj. “easy to handle; convenient, tractable, docile”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^trog “easy to handle; convenient, tractable, docile”
9.97 Difficult
- ⚠️G. arc adj. “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult”; see instead:
- S. rhanc “awkward, hard”
- ⚠️G. archod n. “difficulty”; see instead:
- N. tarias “stiffness, toughness, difficulty”
- ᴺS. !dertha- v. “to complicate, (lit.) make difficult”
- S. dîr² adj. “hard, difficult”
- S. dirbedui adj. “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce”
- ⚠️G. diriol adj. “tedious”
- S. gor-¹ pref. “hard, difficult”
- S. gorbedui adj. “only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell”
- S. gordh¹ adj. “difficult, laborious”
- S. gornod(ui) adj. “hard to count”
- S. rhanc adj. “awkward, hard”
9.98 to Try
- S. dev- [nd-] v. “to try, *seek opportunity, experiment”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !rig-² v. “to try, strive”; see instead:
- S. ritha- “to try, strive”
- ⚠️ᴺS. ^rítha- v. “to try, strive”; see instead:
- S. ritha- “to try, strive”
- S. ritha- v. “to try, strive”
- ᴺS. !tasta- v. “to (put to the) test, *verify”
9.99 Try
- ᴺS. !rîth n. “effort, endeavour”
- ᴺS. !tastaith n. “test”
9.993 to Happen
- ⚠️ᴱN. garadros n. “opportunity”
- ᴺS. !hída- v. “to (come to) pass, happen”
- ⚠️G. in n. “go, move, turn, occasion”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lúda- v. “to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur, *happen”
- ⚠️G. lûtha- v. “to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lúda- “to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur, *happen”
- ᴺS. [G.] tunc n. “chance, occurrence; ⚠️arrival; hit at shooting; luck”
10.
Motion and Transportation
- 10.11 to Move
- 10.12 to Turn
- 10.13 to Turn Around
- 10.14 to Wind, Wrap
- 10.15 to Roll
- 10.21 to Rise
- 10.22 to Lift, Raise
- 10.225 to Hang, Dangle
- 10.23 to Fall
- 10.24 to Drop
- 10.25 to Throw
- 10.26 to Shake
- 10.31 to Boil (intr.)
- 10.32 to Flow
- 10.33 to Sink
- 10.34 to Float
- 10.36 to Sail
- 10.37 to Fly
- 10.38 to Blow
- 10.43 to Jump, Leap
- 10.432 Leaping
- 10.44 to Dance
- 10.45 to Walk
- 10.46 to Run
- 10.47 to Go
- 10.48 to Come
- 10.49 to Depart, Go Away
- 10.50 to Fade
- 10.51 to Flee
- 10.52 to Follow
- 10.53 to Pursue
- 10.54 to Overtake
- 10.55 to Reach, Arrive
- 10.56 to Approach
- 10.57 to Enter
- 10.61 to Bear, Carry
- 10.62 to Bring
- 10.63 to Send
- 10.64 to Lead
- 10.645 to Wander, Stray
- 10.66 to Ride
- 10.67 to Push, Shove
- 10.71 Road
- 10.72 Path
- 10.73 Street
- 10.74 Bridge
- 10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage
- 10.76 Wheel
- 10.77 Axle
- 10.78 Yoke
- 10.81 Ship
- 10.82 Sailor
- 10.83 Boat
- 10.84 Raft
- 10.85 Oar
- 10.87 Mast
- 10.88 Sail
- 10.90 Port, Harbor
10.11 to Move
- ᴺS. !mîn n. “motion”
10.12 to Turn
- ᴺS. [G.] ^drinna- v. “to turn, twist”
- ᴺS. [G.] drint n. “twist, wrench, turn”
- ⚠️G. drintha- v. “to turn (tr.), twist”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^drinna- “to turn, twist”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !per- v. “to turn”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !perna- “to turn”
- ᴺS. !perna- v. “to turn”
10.13 to Turn Around
- ⚠️G. gwer- v. “to wind, turn, bend (tr.); to weave”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
- ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
- ⚠️G. gwerb(e)lin n. “top, whirligig, *(lit.) wind-unwind”
- ⚠️G. gwert n. “a twist”; see instead:
- ᴺS. drint “twist, wrench, turn”
- ᴺS. ^lûg “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
- ᴺS. !ostol- v. “to circumnavigate, come around”
- N. pelthaes n. “pivot”
- ⚠️G. ponta- v. “to turn round, turn back, retrace”
- ⚠️G. rictha- v. “to contort, twist, confuse, disarrange, upset”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rig-¹ “to twist, contort; *to confuse, disarrange, upset”
- ᴺS. [G.] rig-¹ v. “to twist, contort; *to confuse, disarrange, upset”
- ᴺS. [G.] rin- v. “to revolve, ⚠️return, come back; to do again”
10.14 to Wind, Wrap
- ᴺS. [G.] cang adj. and n. “tangled, confused, mixed up, awry; tangle, confusion, mêllay”
- ᴺS. [G.] canga- v. “to tangle; *to get tangled, [by extension] go wrong”
- N. gonathra- v. “to entangle, enmesh”
- N. gonathras n. “entanglement”
- N. gwaeda- v. “to enfold”
- ᴺS. !gwaef n. “wrap, binding”
- ⚠️N. gwî n. “net, web”; see instead:
- N. nath “web”
- S. rem “mesh, net (for catching)”
- ⚠️G. gwith n. “net”; see instead:
- S. rem “mesh, net (for catching)”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^gwoe n. “envelope”
- S. raen¹ adj. “netted, enlaced”
- S. raew n. “net”
- S. rem n. “mesh, net (for catching)”
- S. remmen adj. “meshed, netted, woven, (en)tangled”
- ⚠️N. ui² n. “envelope”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwoe “envelope”
10.15 to Roll
- ᴺS. [G.] thol- v. “to roll”
10.21 to Rise
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. †amra- v. “*to rise; [G.] to go up and down; live in the mountains; roam, wander”; see instead:
- N. eria- “to rise”
- ᴺS. ^renia-¹ “to stray, wander”
- S. brasta- v. “to tower up, loom”
- N. eria- v. “to rise”
- ᴺS. !eriad n. “rising”
- ⚠️G. oros n. “rising”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !eriad “rising”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orost n. “[G.] rising”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !eriad “rising”
- ᴺS. !red- v. “to climb”
- S. reth n. “*climber”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhó- v. “to arise”; see instead:
- N. eria- “to rise”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhosta- v. “*to rise”; see instead:
- N. eria- “to rise”
- ⚠️G. rosta n. “ascent, uprising, rising”
10.22 to Lift, Raise
- N. #hal- v. “to lift”
- S., N. #ortha- v. “to raise”
- S. orthad n. “*raising”
- N. orthannen adj. “raised”
10.225 to Hang, Dangle
- N. gling- v. “to hang, dangle”
10.23 to Fall
- ᴺS. !adlannas n. “downfall, ruin”
- S. danna- v. “to fall”
- ᴺS. !dannad n. “falling”
- N. dannen adj. “fallen”
- ⚠️N. dant- v. “to fall”; see instead:
- S. danna- “to fall”
- S., N. dant n. “*fall”
- ⚠️G. dodri n. “falling”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dannad “falling”
- ⚠️G. dont n. “fall, bump, drop”; see instead:
- S. dant “*fall”
- ᴺS. !dúda- [nd-] v. “to lower [something]”
- S. dúnad n. “descent”
- ⚠️G. lantha- v. “to fall onto, settle on, alight”; see instead:
- S. danna- “to fall”
- S. penna- v. “to come down (in a slant), fall”
- N. talt adj. “slipping, falling, insecure”
- ᴺS. !taltha- v. “to slip, slide down, collapse”
10.24 to Drop
- ᴺS. [G.] dod- v. “to drop, ⚠️fall down”
- ⚠️G. glib¹ n. “drop of water”; see instead:
- ᴺS. limig “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
- ⚠️G. lib n. “drop, gout”; see instead:
- ᴺS. limig “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
- ⚠️G. lib- v. “to drip”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^liv- “to drip”
- ⚠️G. libli n. “small glass; small drop”; see instead:
- ᴺS. limig “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] limig n. “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^liv- v. “to drip”
10.25 to Throw
- N., G. had- v. “to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw, ⚠️aim at”
- N. hador n. “thrower (of spears and darts)”
- N. hadron n. “thrower (of spears and darts)”
- ᴺS. [G.] hant n. “throw, cast; turn or move in games”
- ⚠️G. hantha- v. “to fling, hurl, aim at, direct”; see instead:
- N. had- “to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw, ⚠️aim at”
- ᴺS. ^meitha- “to aim at, *have as a goal; ⚠️to intend, mean”
- ᴺS. !hedril n. “thrower (f.)”
10.26 to Shake
- ⚠️G. cwas- v. “to shake, wag, nod, flap”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pasta- “to shake, wag, nod, flap”
- ⚠️G. cwast adj. “shaking”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^past “shaking”
- ⚠️G. cwathra- v. “to shake (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pasta- “to shake, wag, nod, flap”
- S., N. #gir- v. “to shudder”
- S., N. girith n. “shuddering; [N.] horror”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] gobab- v. “to shake”
- ⚠️G. paptha- v. “to tremble, quiver”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^potha- “to tremble, quiver”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^past adj. “shaking”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^pasta- v. “to shake, wag, nod, flap”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^potha- v. “to tremble, quiver”
10.31 to Boil (intr.)
- ᴺS. [G.] gwel- v. “to boil, bubble”
- ⚠️G. gwelaith n. “boil, bubble”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gweleth “boil, bubble”
- ⚠️G. gwelc n. “bubble”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwelch “bubble”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gwelch n. “bubble”
- ᴺS. [G.] gweleth n. “boil, bubble”
10.32 to Flow
- ⚠️G. celu- v. “to trickle”
- S. dannen [nd-] n. “ebb, lowtide”
- S. duinen n. “flood, high tide”
- ᴺS. !ethiria- v. “to flow out”
- ⚠️G. golaudri n. “deluge, flood”; see instead:
- S. duinen “flood, high tide”
- ⚠️G. gul- v. “to ooze, trickle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^olla- “to ooze, *trickle”
- ᴺS. [G.] laud n. “tide, motion of the sea; ⚠️flood; high tide”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^olla- v. “to ooze, *trickle”
- ⚠️G. olod n. “tide, motion of the sea”
- ⚠️N. rhib- v. “to flow like a (?torrent)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rib- “to flow like a torrent”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rib- v. “to flow like a torrent”
- N. siria- v. “to flow”
- ᴺS. [G.] siriol adj. “flowing, fluent, liquid, mellifluous”
- S. sirith n. “flowing”
- ᴺS. [Ilk.] ?thalos n. “torrent”
- N. thórod n. “torrent”
- ⚠️G. ulna- v. “to ooze”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^olla- “to ooze, *trickle”
- ⚠️G. ûtha- v. “to emit; to issue”; see instead:
- ᴺS. eithla- “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”
10.33 to Sink
- ⚠️ᴱN. dadnuin adj. “sinking (down)”; see instead:
- S. annûn “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dadnuv- v. “*to sink, go down”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
- ᴺS. !duia- [nd-] v. “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
- ⚠️N. dúven [nd-] n. “*sunken, western”; see instead:
- S. annui “west[ern]”
- ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
- ⚠️G. nalos n. “sinking, setting, descent, slope”; see instead:
- S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
- ⚠️ᴱN. nuin² n. “sinking, going down; west”; see instead:
- S. annûn “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
- ⚠️G. num- v. “to sink, decline, slope down, descend”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
- ᴺS. ^adlanna- “to slope, slant”
- ⚠️ᴱN. #nuv- v. “to sink, set”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
- ᴺS. !somma- v. “to dive, duck”
- ⚠️G. thug n. “[unglossed]”
10.34 to Float
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhid- v. “to float, sail”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loda- “to float”
- ⚠️N. lhoda- v. “to float”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loda- “to float”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^loda- v. “to float”
- ⚠️G. lud- v. “to flow, stream, float”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^loda- “to float”
10.36 to Sail
- ᴺS. [N.] ^renia-² v. “to sail, fly”
- ⚠️ᴺS. ^revia- v. “to fly, sail”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^renia-² “to sail, fly”
- ⚠️N. rhenia-² v. “to fly, sail”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^renia-² “to sail, fly”
10.37 to Fly
- ⚠️G. biltha- v. “to flutter, flit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwilwa- “to flutter, flit”
- ⚠️G. duil¹ n. and adj. “flight, power of flight; having power of flight, fledged”
- ⚠️G. duila- v. “to fly”; see instead:
- ᴺS. gwil- “to fly, ⚠️sail, float”
- ⚠️G. duileg adj. “having power of flight, fledged”
- ᴺS. !gwelf n. “aircraft [general term]”
- ᴺS. [G.] gwil- v. “to fly, ⚠️sail, float”
- ᴺS. !gwilchair n. “airplane”
- ᴺS. !gwilwa- v. “to flutter, flit”
10.38 to Blow
- ⚠️G. faf- v. “to puff, blow, pant”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !faw- “to puff, blow, pant”
- ᴺS. !faw- v. “to puff, blow, pant”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^súda- v. “to blow (of wind)”
- ⚠️G. sûtha- v. “to blow (of wind)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^súda- “to blow (of wind)”
- S. thos n. “puff (of air)”
10.43 to Jump, Leap
- S., G. #cab- v. “to leap, [G.] jump”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hab- v. “to jump”; see instead:
- S. #cab- “to leap, [G.] jump”
- S. #laba- v. “to hop”
10.432 Leaping
- S. cabed n. “leap”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cais n. “leap”; see instead:
- S. cabed “leap”
- ⚠️G. camp n. “leap”; see instead:
- S. cabed “leap”
- N. thôr¹ adj. “swooping, leaping down”
10.44 to Dance
- ⚠️G. lalt n. “dance”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lilt “dance”
- ⚠️G. laltha- v. “to dance”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^liltha- “to dance”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lilt n. “dance”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^liltha- v. “to dance”
- ⚠️G. tanta n. “a dance”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lilt “dance”
- ⚠️G. tinta- v. “to dance”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^liltha- “to dance”
10.45 to Walk
- ⚠️G. bactha- v. “to walk”; see instead:
- N. batha- “to trample”
- S. padra- “to walk”
- S. pad- v. “to step, ⚠️walk”
- S., G. padra- v. “to walk”
- N. #trevad- v. “to traverse”
10.46 to Run
- ᴺS. [G.] lob- v. “to gallop, *lope, ⚠️[G.] run”
- ᴺS. [G.] lobrob n. “gallop; sound of horse’s feet”
- S., N., G. nor- v. “to run (of men and animals using legs); [G.] to roll [of vehicles]”
- ᴺS. !norweg adj. “often running”
10.47 to Go
- N., G. *bad- v. “*to tread, ⚠️[G.] travel”
- ⚠️S. †ban- v. “?to go”; see instead:
- S. #gwae- “to go [away], depart”
- S. #men- “to go”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !bannen adj. “gone”; see instead:
- S. gwanwen “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gar v. “?to go”
- S. #glenna- v. “*to travel, ⚠️go”
- ⚠️G. haitha- v. “to hie, go, fare, walk”; see instead:
- S. #men- “to go”
- S. padra- “to walk”
- ⚠️G. intha-² v. “to go (indefinite), fare, proceed”
- N. #ledh- v. “*to go, fare, travel”
- ᴺS. !lîdh n. “journey”
- S. #men- v. “to go”
10.48 to Come
- ⚠️G. len adj. “come, arrived”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !túliel “having come, having arrived”
- ⚠️G. lendriol adj. “coming, approaching”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tolol “coming, approaching”
- ⚠️G. lenthol adj. “coming, approaching”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tolol “coming, approaching”
- ⚠️G. lenthos n. “coming, arrival”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !toled “coming, arrival”
- S., N. #tol- v. “to come”
- ᴺS. !toled n. “coming, arrival”
- ᴺS. !tolol adj. “coming, approaching”
- ᴺS. !túliel adj. “having come, having arrived”
10.49 to Depart, Go Away
- S. ego interj. “be off!”
- S. #gwae- v. “to go [away], depart”
- S. gwanwen adj. “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
- ᴺS. !haena- v. “to leave, depart, (lit.) be(come) distant”
- ⚠️G. hai³ interj. “go!, hence, begone, away”; see instead:
- S. ego “be off!”
- ⚠️G. haithin adj. “gone, departed, lost”; see instead:
- S. gwanwen “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
- ⚠️G. haiva interj. and adv. “hence!, begone, be off; (as av.) away, hence, off”
- ⚠️G. lith- v. “to go, depart, be over, finish, end, die”; see instead:
- N. gwanna- “to die, depart”
- ⚠️G. lithin adj. “bygone, ended”
- ⚠️G. mútha- v. “to depart, go, leave; (c. gen.) to leave the place of or time of speaker; to go forward”
- ⚠️G. us- v. “to leave, depart”; see instead:
- S. #gwae- “to go [away], depart”
10.50 to Fade
- S. #pel- v. “*to fade, wane”
- S. #peleth n. “waning, *fading”
- ⚠️N. #pelin n. “*fading”; see instead:
- S. #peleth “waning, *fading”
- N. thinna- v. “to fade, *(lit.) become grey”
10.51 to Flee
- S. #drega- v. “to flee”
10.52 to Follow
- S. aphad- v. “to follow”
- S. #echil n. “follower”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !hil- v. “to follow”; see instead:
- S. aphad- “to follow”
- ⚠️G. obra- v. “to follow; to succeed”; see instead:
- S. aphad- “to follow”
10.53 to Pursue
- ⚠️G. rausta- v. “to hunt, chase, pursue (only in actual sense of following game)”; see instead:
- N. fara- “to hunt”
- ᴺS. !ruida- “to pursue, chase”
- ⚠️G. rautha- v. “hunt, chase, pursue”; see instead:
- N. fara- “to hunt”
- ᴺS. !ruida- “to pursue, chase”
- ᴺS. !ruida- v. “to pursue, chase”
10.54 to Overtake
- ⚠️G. croctha- v. “to catch, snare, trap”; see instead:
- N. gad- “to catch”
- N. gad- v. “to catch”
- ᴺS. !gadas n. “trap”
- S. raeda- v. “to catch in a net”
10.55 to Reach, Arrive
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^raeth¹ n. “extent, reach, scope; ⚠️region, sphere, district”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^raetha- v. “to reach at, reach for; to reach, extend (intr.)”
- ⚠️G. raith n. “extent, reach; region, sphere, district; scope”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raeth¹ “extent, reach, scope; ⚠️region, sphere, district”
- ⚠️G. raitha- v. “to reach at, reach for; to reach, extend (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raetha- “to reach at, reach for; to reach, extend (intr.)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhaith n. “[G.] extent, reach; region, sphere, district; scope”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raeth¹ “extent, reach, scope; ⚠️region, sphere, district”
10.56 to Approach
- S. #anglenna- v. “to approach”
- ⚠️G. artha- v. “to approach”; see instead:
- S. #anglenna- “to approach”
- ⚠️G. lentha- v. “to come towards speaker, approach, draw near”; see instead:
- S. #anglenna- “to approach”
- S. #tol- “to come”
10.57 to Enter
- S., N. minna- v. “to enter, go in”
- N. #neledh- v. “*to go in, enter”
- N. #nestag- v. “to insert, stick in”
- N. tre- pref. “through”
- N. trî prep. “through”
10.61 to Bear, Carry
- ᴺS. !col- v. “to bear, carry, wear”
- ᴺS. !colron n. “bearer”
- ᴺS. [G.] -iof suf. “-bearing”
- ⚠️G. tultha- v. “to lift, carry”; see instead:
- N. toltha- “to fetch, *bring; [G.] to carry, ⚠️lift”
10.62 to Bring
- N. tog- v. “to bring”
- N. toltha- v. “to fetch, *bring; [G.] to carry, ⚠️lift”
- ⚠️G. tul- v. “to bring; to come to; †to support”; see instead:
- S. #tol- “to come”
10.63 to Send
- ᴺS. !menna- v. “to send, (lit.) make go”
10.64 to Lead
- ᴺS. !ethog- v. “to lead out, *bring out”
10.645 to Wander, Stray
- ⚠️G. amraith n. “nomand, wanderer (f.)”; see instead:
- S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
- ⚠️G. amrod adj. “wandering, living in wilds”
- ⚠️G. amrog n. “nomand, wanderer”; see instead:
- S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
- ⚠️G. amrog-dorn n. “brown wanderer, gipsy”
- ⚠️G. gwada- v. “to wander, roam, travel (far)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^renia-¹ “to stray, wander”
- ⚠️G. gwadath(wen) n. “wandering, journey”
- N. mist n. “error, wandering”
- N. mista- v. “to stray about”
- N. mistrad n. “straying, error”
- S. rain n. “erratic wandering”
- S. randir n. “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
- ᴺS. !randis n. “wanderer (f.)”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^raun adj. “errant”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^renia-¹ v. “to stray, wander”
- ⚠️N. rhandir n. “wanderer, pilgrim”; see instead:
- S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
- ⚠️N. rhaun adj. “errant”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raun “errant”
- ⚠️N. rhenia-¹ v. “to stray, wander”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^renia-¹ “to stray, wander”
- ᴺS. !tenu n. “compass”
10.66 to Ride
- S. north n. “riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop”
- S., G. northa- v. “to make run (of horses and animals), *ride; [G.] to send rolling [as a vehicle], speed”
- S. rochben n. “rider”
- S. rochon n. “rider”
- S. #talraph n. “stirrup”
10.67 to Push, Shove
- ᴺS. !nista- v. “to press, thrust, force (in a given direction)”
10.71 Road
- ⚠️G. adhwen n. “approach, avenue”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^anwen “approach, avenue”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^anwen n. “approach, avenue”
- ᴺS. !goven n. “crossroads”
- ⚠️G. haig n. “way, road, path”; see instead:
- S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
- S. men² “road, way; ⚠️[N.] *place”
- ⚠️G. mal¹ n. “paved way, road”; see instead:
- N. othlon “paved way”
- S., N. men² n. “road, way; ⚠️[N.] *place”
- N. othlon n. “paved way”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^othlonn n. “paved way”; see instead:
- N. othlon “paved way”
- S., N., G. pâd n. “a step; track, road, [N.] way; ⚠️ford”
- ⚠️G. paglant n. “a pavement, *paved road or way”; see instead:
- N. othlon “paved way”
- ⚠️G. pagra- v. “to pave”
- ⚠️G. pagri n. “pavement”; see instead:
- N. othlon “paved way”
10.72 Path
- N., ᴱN., G. bâd n. “beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path”
- ⚠️G. dronn [nd-] n. “race, course, track”; see instead:
- S. north “riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop”
- S. rant “course, water-channel; lode, [N.] vein”
- N. bâd “beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path”
- S. ?fû n. “path”
- ⚠️G. int¹ n. “way, path, track”; see instead:
- S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
- N. iôr n. “course”
- ⚠️ᴱN. lhant n. “path”; see instead:
- S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
- ⚠️ᴱN. mailt n. “a path”; see instead:
- S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
- S., N. #râd n. “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
- ⚠️G. rada n. “track, path, way”; see instead:
- S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
- S., N. rant n. “course, water-channel; lode, [N.] vein”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhód n. “course, running; way, method”
- ⚠️G. taleg n. “(foot)path”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !talvad “footpath”
- ᴺS. !talvad n. “footpath”
10.73 Street
- ⚠️G. lant n. “(high) road, level way, street”; see instead:
- S. men² “road, way; ⚠️[N.] *place”
- N. ostrad n. “street”
- ᴺS. !othrad n. “street”
- S., N. rath n. “street, track; ⚠️[N.] course, river-bed”
10.74 Bridge
- S. iant n. “bridge”
- ⚠️N. ianw n. “bridge”; see instead:
- S. iant “bridge”
- ⚠️G. rantha n. “arch, bridge”; see instead:
- S. iant “bridge”
- ⚠️G. tram n. “bridge”; see instead:
- S. iant “bridge”
10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage
- ⚠️G. brada n. “wain, waggon, cart”; see instead:
- S. rasg “wain, *wagon”
- ⚠️G. drogla n. “cart”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^drogol “cart”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^drogol n. “cart”
- S. rasg n. “wain, *wagon”
10.76 Wheel
- ᴺS. [G.] drô n. “wheel track, rut”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. norn n. “[G.] wheel”
10.77 Axle
- ᴺS. [G.] tholos n. “axle [of a wheel]”
10.78 Yoke
- ⚠️G. galt n. “yoke”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ialt “yoke”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^ialt n. “yoke”
- ⚠️N. iant n. “yoke”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ialt “yoke”
10.81 Ship
- S., ᴱN. cair n. “ship”
- ⚠️N. ceir n. “ship”; see instead:
- S. cair “ship”
- S., N. círdan n. “shipbuilder, shipwright”
- N. ciriaeth n. “shipwright”
- ᴺS. !cirias n. “fleet (of ships)”
10.82 Sailor
- ᴺS. !cirion n. “sailor, shipman”
10.83 Boat
- ⚠️G. bent n. “small boat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lunt “boat”
- ⚠️N. lhunt n. “boat”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lunt “boat”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lunt n. “boat”
- ⚠️G. lunta n. “ship”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lunt “boat”
10.84 Raft
- ᴺS. !lothalan n. “raft, (lit.) floating platform”
10.85 Oar
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. plador n. “[G.] oar; ⚠️[ᴱN.] surf, land’s edge”
10.87 Mast
- ᴺS. !tolf n. “mast”
10.88 Sail
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. belon n. “[G.] sail”
10.90 Port, Harbor
- N. cirban n. “[ship] haven”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^círbann n. “[ship] haven”; see instead:
- N. cirban “[ship] haven”
- ⚠️G. gobos n. “haven”; see instead:
- N. hobas “harbourage”
- N. hobas n. “harbourage”
- ⚠️N. lhorn¹ n. “haven, quiet water, anchorage, harbour”; see instead:
- S. lond “(land-locked) haven; ⚠️[N.] narrow path, strait, pass”
- S. lond n. “(land-locked) haven; ⚠️[N.] narrow path, strait, pass”
- S. #lonnas n. “harbourage”
11.
Possession and Trade
- 11.11 to Have
- 11.12 to Own, Possess
- 11.13 to Take
- 11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of
- 11.15 to Hold
- 11.16 to Get, Obtain
- 11.17 to Keep, Retain
- 11.21 to Give
- 11.22 to Return, Give Back
- 11.23 to Restore
- 11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe
- 11.25 to Save, Rescue
- 11.27 to Destroy
- 11.29 to Spoil
- 11.31 to Seek
- 11.32 to Find
- 11.33 to Lose
- 11.34 to Release
- 11.41 Property
- 11.42 Wealth, Riches
- 11.43 Money
- 11.44 Coin
- 11.46 Treasure
- 11.48 Heir
- 11.51 Rich
- 11.56 to Steal
- 11.57 Thief
- 11.66 Account, Reckoning
- 11.73 Gain, Profit
- 11.79 to Earn
- 11.82 to Sell
- 11.83 to Trade
- 11.84 Merchant, Tradesman
- 11.85 Market (place)
- 11.87 Price
- 11.88 Dear, Expensive
- 11.89 Cheap
11.11 to Have
- S. #sav- v. “to have”
11.12 to Own, Possess
- ᴺS. !garnen adj. “own, held, possessed”
- ⚠️G. gôtha- v. “to possess, have, hold”; see instead:
- N. gar- “to hold, have, *possess”
- ⚠️G. guin² adj. “own, held, possessed”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !garnen “own, held, possessed”
- ⚠️G. guinoth n. “property”; see instead:
- N. garn “‘own’, property”
- ⚠️G. guira- v. “to possess”; see instead:
- N. gar- “to hold, have, *possess”
11.13 to Take
- ᴺS. !haeda- v. “to remove, (lit.) make distant”
- ᴺS. [G.] nab- v. “to take, lay hold of”
11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of
- ⚠️G. clamfa- v. “to grab, claw at”
- ⚠️G. gen n. “closed hand, grip”
- ⚠️G. gentha- v. “to grip, seize, lay hold of”
- ᴺS. [ON.] ^mab- v. “to seize, *grasp, grab; ⚠️to take away by force”
- ᴺS. [G.] manc n. “grip, grasp, hold”
- ⚠️G. manca- v. “to grab, seize”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mab- “to seize, *grasp, grab; ⚠️to take away by force”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nabas n. “seizure”
- ⚠️G. nabos n. “seizure”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nabas “seizure”
- ⚠️G. naptha- v. “to seize”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^mab- “to seize, *grasp, grab; ⚠️to take away by force”
11.15 to Hold
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. bail n. “sheath, [G.] case, cover; pod”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwael “sheath, case, cover; pod”
- ⚠️G. fâ- v. “to have, hold, possess”; see instead:
- N. gar- “to hold, have, *possess”
- N. gar- v. “to hold, have, *possess”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^gwael n. “sheath, case, cover; pod”
- ⚠️G. halthi n. “sheath”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwael “sheath, case, cover; pod”
- ⚠️G. rôn¹ n. “embrace, clasp”
- ⚠️G. rôtha- n. “embrace”
11.16 to Get, Obtain
- ᴺS. !cav- v. “to receive, *accept”
- ᴺS. !cavren adj. “acceptable”
- ᴺS. !ged- [ng-] v. “to get, catch, obtain, take”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tû ? “[unglossed]”
- ⚠️G. tû- v. “to get, receive, take; to become”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !cav- “to receive, *accept”
- ⚠️G. tuvrin adj. “acceptable”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !cavren “acceptable”
11.17 to Keep, Retain
- S. #heb- v. “to keep”
11.21 to Give
- S. ann¹ n. “gift”
- S., N. #anna- v. “to give, †add to”
- ᴺS. !anneth n. “(act of) giving”
- ⚠️N. ant n. “gift”; see instead:
- S. ann¹ “gift”
- ⚠️G. antha- v. “to give”; see instead:
- S. #anna- “to give, †add to”
- ⚠️G. ôn² n. “gift”; see instead:
- S. ann¹ “gift”
- S. oneth n. “*giving”
11.22 to Return, Give Back
- ⚠️G. abod adv. “again; in return, in exchange; back”; see instead:
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ⚠️S. dadwen- [nd-] v. “to return, go back”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dammen- “to return, go back”
- ᴺS. [S.] ^dammen- [nd-] v. “to return, go back”
- ᴺS. !dananna- [nd-] v. “to give back, return [something]”
- S. dandol- [nd-] v. “to return, come back”
- ⚠️G. had- pref. “for-, in return for, back, instead of”; see instead:
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ᴺS. !radh- v. “to return (intransitive)”
- ⚠️G. raina- v. “to return”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dammen- “to return, go back”
- ᴺS. !redhia- v. “*to return (transitive)”
- ⚠️G. rinta- v. “*to return”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^dammen- “to return, go back”
11.23 to Restore
- ⚠️ᴱN. bodamros adj. “that lives again, renewed, renovated”; see instead:
- S. cŷr “renewed”
- S. cŷl n. “*renewal”
- S. cŷr adj. “renewed”
- S. cýra- v. “to renew”
- ᴺS. !laeda- v. “to refresh, revive”
- ⚠️G. lauthra- v. “to refresh; to revive (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !laeda- “to refresh, revive”
11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe
- ⚠️ᴱN. alaith n. “shielding, warding off, protect(ion)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. alanc adj. “*shielded, protected”
- ᴺS. !barn adj. “safe, protected, secure”
- N. beria- v. “to protect”
- ⚠️ᴱN. elaig- v. “to shield, ward off, protect”
- ᴺS. [N.] gartha- v. “to defend, ⚠️keep”
- ⚠️G. gretha- v. “to save, rescue, preserve”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !reitha- “to rescue, save (from ruin, peril, loss)”
- S. natha- “to bring help to, save, rescue”
- ⚠️G. grethron n. “saviour”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !reithron “rescuer, saviour”
- ⚠️G. gwareth n. “watch, guard, ward; vigilance”
- ⚠️G. gwarieg n. “watchman, warden”
- ⚠️G. muin¹ adj. “safe, secure”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !barn “safe, protected, secure”
- ⚠️G. muinos n. “security”
- ᴺS. [G.] osta- v. “to surround with walls, build up, fortify, protect; to surround”
- ⚠️G. rest¹ n. “aid, support, help”; see instead:
- ᴺS. grest “aid, support, help, succour, ⚠️salvation”
- ⚠️G. uchirin adj. “secure”
11.25 to Save, Rescue
- S. edraith n. “rescue, saving”
- S. natha- v. “to bring help to, save, rescue”
- ᴺS. !reitha- v. “to rescue, save (from ruin, peril, loss)”
- ᴺS. !reithron n. “rescuer, saviour”
11.27 to Destroy
- S. dangar- [nd-] v. “to undo”
- ⚠️G. fectha- v. “to destroy, ruin, spoil”; see instead:
- ᴺS. tertha- “to destroy, *ruin, †(orig.) to make pierced; ⚠️to devour”
- ⚠️G. †fecthir n. “destroyer, slayer; bane”; see instead:
- S. dagnir “slayer, bane”
- ⚠️G. teraith n. “waste, ruin, destruction”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^terthaith “waste, ruin, destruction”
- ᴺS. [G.] tertha- v. “to destroy, *ruin, †(orig.) to make pierced; ⚠️to devour”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^terthaith n. “waste, ruin, destruction”
11.29 to Spoil
- ⚠️G. cwel- v. “to fade, wither”; see instead:
- S. #pel- “*to fade, wane”
- ⚠️G. cweloth n. “fading”; see instead:
- S. #peleth “waning, *fading”
- ⚠️G. drib- [nd-] v. “to rot, decay, wear out”
- ⚠️G. faltha- v. “to strip, despoil, rob, make bare”; see instead:
- N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
- ⚠️G. hesc adj. “withered, dead; chilled, chill”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hesg “withered, ⚠️dead; chilled, chill”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hesg adj. “withered, ⚠️dead; chilled, chill”
- ⚠️G. narcos n. “rot, decay”
- ⚠️G. narp adj. “rotten, decayed, corrupt; overripe”; see instead:
- N. thaw “corrupt, rotten”
- S. saur adj. “bad (of food), putrid”
- N. thaw adj. “corrupt, rotten”
11.31 to Seek
- ⚠️ᴱN. #argen- v. “?to search over”
- ᴺS. !cesta- v. “to seek, search for, look for”
- ᴺS. !cestaed adj. “curious, seeking, inquisitive”
- ᴺS. !cestaedas n. “curiosity”
- ᴺS. !ceth- v. “to examine, search, interrogate”
11.32 to Find
- ᴺS. !hir- v. “to find, *light on, chance on”
- N. rada- v. “to make a way, find a way”
- ⚠️G. tug- v. “to hit, reach mark; to light on, chance on, find; to arrive; to chance, occur; to suit, fit, be convenient, ‘do’”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !hir- “to find, *light on, chance on”
- N. tog- “to bring”
11.33 to Lose
- ⚠️G. #laith² adj. “*lost”
- ⚠️G. laith(r)a- v. “to let slip, lose, mislay, forget; (intr.) to be lost”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lítha- “to let slip, lose, mislay; (intr.) to be lost; forget”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lítha- v. “to let slip, lose, mislay; (intr.) to be lost; forget”
11.34 to Release
- ⚠️N. †#adleg- v. “*to release”; see instead:
- S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
- ⚠️N. adleitha- v. “*to release”; see instead:
- S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
- ⚠️N. adleithian n. “*release, freeing”; see instead:
- S. leithian “release from bondage, [N.] release, freeing”
- ⚠️G. blid- v. “to free, rid”
- N. breitha- v. “to break out suddenly”
- ⚠️G. labra adj. “loose, lax, flapping; weak”
- ⚠️G. laptha- v. “to relax, loosen”
- S., ᴱN., N. #leithia- v. “to release, [N.] set free”
- S., ᴱN., N. leithian n. “release from bondage, [N.] release, freeing”
- ⚠️N. lheithia- v. “to release, set free”; see instead:
- S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
- ⚠️N. lheithian n. “release from bondage, release, freeing”; see instead:
- S. leithian “release from bondage, [N.] release, freeing”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^othra- v. “to get away, escape”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhoidia- v. “to let go”
- ⚠️G. usfeg- v. “to release”; see instead:
- S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
- ⚠️G. uthra- v. “to get away, escape”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^othra- “to get away, escape”
- ᴺS. [G.] uthwen n. “escape, way out, exit”
11.41 Property
- N. garn n. “‘own’, property”
- ⚠️G. guig n. “piece of property”; see instead:
- N. garn “‘own’, property”
- ⚠️ᴱN. moir n. “goods”
- S. said adj. “private, separate, not common, excluded”
11.42 Wealth, Riches
- S. maelig n. “wealth, abundance”
- ⚠️G. sâd n. “riches, wealth”; see instead:
- S. maelig “wealth, abundance”
11.43 Money
- S. mirian n. “Gondorian coin”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] pant n. “money”
11.44 Coin
- ⚠️ᴱN. panthig n. “coin”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pennig “coin”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pennig n. “coin”
11.46 Treasure
- ⚠️G. fô(tha) n. “hoard”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
- ⚠️G. fuis n. “hoard”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
- ⚠️G. fûn n. “hoard”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
- ⚠️G. fund n. “hoard”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
- ⚠️G. idri n. “treasure, thing of great worth, jewel”; see instead:
- S. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
- S. maen n. “a treasure”
- ᴺS. !mírad n. “treasury, hoard”
- ᴺS. !mirtha- v. “to value, esteem, treasure, cherish”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^nabor n. “booty”
- ⚠️ᴱN. nabru n. “booty”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nabor “booty”
- ⚠️ᴱN. naud n. “treasure”
11.48 Heir
- S. advir n. “heirloom”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !dŷr [nd] n. “successor”; see instead:
- S. dŷr “mistaken, off point, not right”
- S. #hîl “heir”
- S. #hîl n. “heir”
- ⚠️G. hilming n. “inheritance, heritage”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hilvias “inheritance, heritage”
- ⚠️G. hilmir n. “heir (m. or f.)”; see instead:
- S. #hîl “heir”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hilvias n. “inheritance, heritage”
11.51 Rich
- ⚠️G. ausin adj. and n. “rich; fortune”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
- S. maelig “wealth, abundance”
- ⚠️ᴱN. awes adj. “rich”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
- ᴺS. !maeligeb adj. “wealthy, rich”
- ⚠️G. malc¹ adj. “rich, powerful”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
- ⚠️G. modron¹ adj. “rich man”
11.56 to Steal
- ⚠️G. er(e)tha- v. “to isolate, rob, deprive”; see instead:
- S. #ertha- “to unite”
- S. #neitha- “to wrong, deprive”
- ⚠️G. nig- v. “to steal, creep, do or go by stealth”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhig- “to creep, sneak, do or go by stealth”
- ⚠️G. nigla- v. “to thieve, pilfer”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pil- “to steal, rob, thieve”
- ᴺS. !pil- v. “to steal, rob, thieve”
- ᴺS. !pilu n. “stealing, robbery, theft”
- ᴺS. !raph- v. “to snatch, seize, steal”
11.57 Thief
- ᴺS. !pîl n. “robber, thief”
11.66 Account, Reckoning
- S. #genedia- v. “to reckon”
- S. genediad n. “reckoning”
- N., ᴱN. gonod- v. “to count (up)”
- ᴺS. !gonoded n. “counting, accounting; ⚠️reckoning”
- S., N. #nedia- v. “to count”
- S., N., ᴱN. #nod- v. “to count”
- ⚠️G. tath- v. “to count”; see instead:
- S. #nedia- “to count”
- ⚠️G. tathna- v. “to number, count, reckon”; see instead:
- S. #nedia- “to count”
11.73 Gain, Profit
- ⚠️G. gam(m)a- v. “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ganna- “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^ganna- v. “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”
11.79 to Earn
- ᴺS. !ammuia- v. “to work (hard) for, to earn”
11.82 to Sell
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. bag- v. “to sell, trade”; see instead:
- N. banga- “to trade, *sell”
11.83 to Trade
- ⚠️ᴱN. bagod n. “trade, trading”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bangad “trade, trading”
- ⚠️G. banc n. “trade”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bangad “trade, trading”
- N. banga- [mb-] v. “to trade, *sell”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bangad n. “trade, trading”
11.84 Merchant, Tradesman
- N. bachor [mb-] n. “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
- ⚠️G. badweg n. “traveller; pedlar”; see instead:
- N. bachor “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
- ⚠️G. bagron n. “trader”; see instead:
- N. bachor “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
- ⚠️ᴱN. be(i)gion n. “trader”; see instead:
- N. bachor “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
11.85 Market (place)
- N. bach [mb-] n. “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bagarth n. “market”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bangath “market”
- ⚠️G. bageth n. “market”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bangath “market”
- ⚠️G. bagri n. “wares”; see instead:
- N. bach “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bagru n. “wares”; see instead:
- N. bach “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bangath n. “market”
11.87 Price
- ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bauch [mb-] n. “price, cost”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bog n. “price, cost”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^bauch “price, cost”
- ⚠️ᴱN. orvog adj. “priceless”
11.88 Dear, Expensive
- ⚠️G. bâl adj. “worthy, important; great, mighty”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ball “worthy, important; ⚠️great, mighty”
- ᴺS. !baladh n. “worth, importance”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^ball adj. “worthy, important; ⚠️great, mighty”
- ᴺS. !balla- v. “to matter; to be of significance, worth, moment”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bogodog adj. “dear, *expensive”
- ᴺS. !coltha- v. “to bear up; to weigh, balance it on scales; to be worth, value or be equivalent to; ⚠️to endure”
- ⚠️G. idra- v. “to value, prize”
- ⚠️G. idra adj. “dear, valued, precious”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mair “precious”
- N. muin¹ “dear”
- ⚠️G. idreth n. “value, dearness”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !meiras “value, preciousness”
- ᴺS. !mair adj. “precious”
- ᴺS. !meiras n. “value, preciousness”
- ᴺS. !meru adj. “valuable, worthy”
11.89 Cheap
- ⚠️ᴱN. bogligen adj. “cheap”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dammog adj. “valueless”
12.
Spatial Relations
- 12.11 Place
- 12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay
- 12.13 to Sit
- 12.14 to Lie, Recline
- 12.15 to Stand
- 12.16 to Stay, Wait, Remain
- 12.18 to Leave, Relinquish
- 12.19 Quiet
- 12.195 Whisper
- 12.21 to Gather, Collect
- 12.22 to Join, Unite
- 12.221 Together
- 12.222 And
- 12.223 Also
- 12.23 to Separate
- 12.24 to Open
- 12.25 to Shut, Close
- 12.26 to Cover
- 12.27 to Hide, Conceal
- 12.272 Hidden, Concealed
- 12.31 High
- 12.32 Low
- 12.33 Top
- 12.34 Bottom
- 12.35 End
- 12.352 Point
- 12.353 Edge
- 12.37 Middle
- 12.371 Between
- 12.38 Center
- 12.391 In, Inside
- 12.392 Out, Outside
- 12.393 Across, Athwart
- 12.394 Up, Above, Over
- 12.395 Down, Below, Beneath
- 12.3955 In Front
- 12.396 Behind, At the Rear
- 12.397 Beyond
- 12.398 To, Towards
- 12.399 From, Away
- 12.41 Right (vs. Left)
- 12.42 Left (vs. Right)
- 12.43 Near
- 12.44 Far
- 12.45 East
- 12.46 West
- 12.47 North
- 12.48 South
- 12.51 Form, Shape
- 12.53 to Grow
- 12.54 to Measure
- 12.55 Big, Large, Great
- 12.56 Small, Little
- 12.565 Bit, Small Thing
- 12.57 Long
- 12.58 Tall
- 12.59 Short
- 12.61 Wide, Broad
- 12.62 Narrow
- 12.63 Thick (in Dimension)
- 12.64 Thick (in Density)
- 12.65 Thin (in Dimension)
- 12.66 Thin (in Density)
- 12.67 Deep
- 12.71 Flat
- 12.72 Hollow, Concave
- 12.73 Straight
- 12.74 Crooked
- 12.75 Hook, Crook
- 12.76 Angle, Corner
- 12.77 Cross
- 12.78 Square
- 12.81 Round
- 12.82 Circle
- 12.83 Sphere
- 12.84 Line
- 12.85 Hole
- 12.91 Equal, Alike
- 12.92 Like, Similar
- 12.925 Different, Other
- 12.93 to Change
12.11 Place
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. garth n. “place, [G.] district”; see instead:
- S. sad “place, spot”
- S. gardh “region”
- N. garth “fort, fortress”
- ⚠️ᴱN. garthad n. “open place, square”; see instead:
- S. sad “place, spot”
- ᴺS. !canthil “square”
- ⚠️G. lâ n. “space, room, place”; see instead:
- S. sad “place, spot”
- N. tham “hall”
- ᴺS. !osgaef n. “surroundings, environs, milieu”
- S., N. sad n. “place, spot”
12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay
- ⚠️ᴱN. gartha- v. “to set, put in position, appoint”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
- ᴺS. gartha- “to defend, ⚠️keep”
- ⚠️G. pâ- v. “to put”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^pan- v. “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
- ᴺS. !pannen adj. “arranged, settled, done”
- ⚠️G. panta- v. “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
- N. panna- “to open, enlarge”
- ᴺS. !panu n. “arrangement, plan; structure, ordering; (musical) theme”
- ᴺS. [ON.] ^partha- v. “to arrange, compose”
- N. penia- v. “to fix, set”
- ⚠️G. sam- v. “to arrange, put together, adjust, settle, reconcile”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
- ⚠️G. samin adj. “arranged, settled, done”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !pannen “arranged, settled, done”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !sasta- v. “to put, place”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
- ᴺS. !sesta- v. “to set, (lit.) to make rest (on)”
12.13 to Sit
- ᴺS. [N.] hadh- v. “to sit”
- S. hadhwa- v. “to seat”
- ⚠️N. haf- v. “to sit”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hadh- “to sit”
- ⚠️G. hag- v. “to sit, sit down”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hadh- “to sit”
- ⚠️G. hagra adj. “seated”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !hannen “seated”
- ᴺS. !hannen adj. “seated”
12.14 to Lie, Recline
- ᴺS. [N.] ^adlanna- v. “to slope, slant”
- ⚠️N. atlanna- v. “to slope, slant”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^adlanna- “to slope, slant”
- ᴺS. !caeda- v. “to lie; to lay (down)”
- ⚠️G. cum- v. “to lie (down)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. haw- “to lie”
- ᴺS. !dov- v. “to lie heavy”
- ⚠️G. hautha- v. “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hoda- “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
- ᴺS. [G.] haw- v. “to lie”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hoda- v. “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^noden adj. “prone, face down”
- ⚠️G. nûda adj. “prone, face down”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^noden “prone, face down”
- ⚠️G. nudin adj. “prone”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^noden “prone, face down”
12.15 to Stand
- ⚠️G. daltha- v. “to erect, set up”
- ⚠️G. fast² n. “holder, stand”
- ⚠️N. har- v. “to stand”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !tar- “to stand”
- ᴺS. !tair adj. “vertical, (lit.) standing”
- ⚠️G. talc adj. “upright”
- ᴺS. !tar- v. “to stand”
12.16 to Stay, Wait, Remain
- N. dartha- v. “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
- ⚠️G. hadha- v. “to cling, cleave to; to wait on, wait for, abide with patience”; see instead:
- N. dartha- “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
- ᴺS. !hinia- “to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by”
- S. reth- v. “to remain in same place”
- ⚠️G. rô- v. “to remain, stay, stand; to endure”; see instead:
- N. dartha- “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
- ⚠️G. rô¹ adj. “enduring, long suffering; quiet, gentle, docile”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !andrethui “patient, long suffering”
- ᴺS. muig² “soft, gentle”
- ᴺS. !sedh- v. “to rest”
- S. #send n. “?rest”
12.18 to Leave, Relinquish
- N. awarth n. “abandonment”
- N. awartha- v. “to forsake”
12.19 Quiet
- ⚠️G. cwîl adj. “quiet, peaceful, gentle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^pell “still, quiet, hushed”
- ᴺS. !sídheb “peaceful, full of peace”
- ᴺS. muig² “soft, gentle”
- S. dîn n. and adj. “silence; silent, quiet”
- S., N. dínen adj. “silent”
- ⚠️G. gwîl n. “cessation, quiescence, leaving off; peace”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !postad “stopping, cessation, leaving off”
- ⚠️G. gwilb adj. “quiet, peaceful, full of peace”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sídheb “peaceful, full of peace”
- ⚠️G. gwilm n. “peace, quiet, rest; cessation”; see instead:
- S. îdh “rest, repose, peace, tranquility”
- ⚠️G. ilrimog adj. “uneasy”
- ⚠️G. maug adj. “silent”; see instead:
- S. dínen “silent”
- ⚠️G. mugol adj. “taciturn”
- ⚠️G. munc n. “shut mouth, silence, secretiveness; (aj.) mum”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^pell adj. “still, quiet, hushed”
- ⚠️G. rim² n. and adj. “peace, quietness, calm; quiet, calm, peaceful”
- ⚠️G. rimin² adj. “quiet, calm, peaceful”
- ⚠️G. susc adj. “hushed, quiet; abashed”
- ⚠️G. suss¹ interj. “hush”
- ⚠️G. suss² n. “hush, sudden quiet”
12.195 Whisper
- ⚠️G. cwira- v. “to rustle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
- ⚠️G. cwitha- v. “to murmur, whisper”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
- ⚠️G. cwithri n. “whisper”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhoss
- ⚠️N. floss n. “whispering or rustling sound”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhoss
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhoss n.
- ᴺS. !lhossa- v. “to whisper, rustle”
- ⚠️ᴱN. pis- v. “to whisper”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
- ⚠️G. rui n. “whisper”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhoss
- ᴺS. ^rui “hunt, hunting, *chase”
- ⚠️G. ruitha- v. “to whisper, rustle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
- ⚠️N. thross n. “whispering or rustling sound”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhoss
12.21 to Gather, Collect
- ⚠️G. crib- v. “to gather, pluck”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”
- ᴺS. leb- “to pick, pluck, take or feel or touch with fingers, cull”
- ⚠️G. golesta- v. “to gather (intr.)”; see instead:
- S. cova- “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble”
- ᴺS. [G.] hosta- v. “to gather, collect”
- ⚠️G. lactha- v. “(tr.) gather together, collect, amass”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”
- ⚠️G. lag- v. “to gather up, pick up, get”; see instead:
- ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”
- ⚠️G. lesta- v. “to gather, assemble, meet (intr.)”; see instead:
- S. cova- “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble”
- ⚠️G. lim² n. “sheaf, bundle”
12.22 to Join, Unite
- S. #adertha- v. “to reunite”
- S., N. aderthad n. “reuniting”
- ⚠️G. arthaid- v. “to join”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ianna- “to join, connect”
- S. #ertha- v. “to unite”
- ᴺS. !erthad n. “union, uniting”
- ⚠️G. fedhra- v. “to unite in a band”; see instead:
- S. #ertha- “to unite”
- ⚠️G. gad(a) n. “joint, link; small lane, track; isthmus”; see instead:
- S. #lîf “link, *joint”
- ⚠️G. gada- v. “to join, connect, unite”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ianna- “to join, connect”
- S. #ertha- “to unite”
- ⚠️G. gadr n. “joint, link of chain”; see instead:
- S. #lîf “link, *joint”
- ⚠️G. gadu adj. “joined, connected”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !iannen “joined, connected”
- ⚠️G. gadweth n. “union, joining; wedding”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bestad “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
- ⚠️G. gôd n. “joint, link of chain”; see instead:
- S. #lîf “link, *joint”
- ⚠️G. godra adj. “joined, united, joint”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !iannen “joined, connected”
- ⚠️G. gofedhin adj. “united, allied, ‘friends’”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !gwedhen “oath-bound, allied”
- ⚠️G. gofedhra- v. “to unite in a band”; see instead:
- S. #ertha- “to unite”
- ᴺS. !goianna- v. “to join with, add to”
- ᴺS. !golain n. “connection, relation, context, (lit.) threadage”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^ialtha- v. “to yoke, ⚠️join”
- ᴺS. !ianna- v. “to join, connect”
- ᴺS. !iannen adj. “joined, connected”
- ⚠️G. ilt- v. “to yoke, join”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ialtha- “to yoke, ⚠️join”
- ᴺS. !ianna- “to join, connect”
- S. #lîf n. “link, *joint”
12.221 Together
- ⚠️G. carpa adv. “together, in a bunch, bunched-up”
- ⚠️G. criptha adj. and adv. “together, in a bunch, bunched-up”
- S., N., ᴱN., G. go- pref. “together, co-, com-”
- ⚠️N. godrebh adv. “abreast; *together-through”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^godref “abreast; *together-through”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^godref adv. “abreast; *together-through”
- ⚠️G. gomintha adv. “together”
- ᴺS. !gu prep. “(together) with”
- ⚠️G. mintha adj. “ūna, in one place, together”
12.222 And
- S., N. a¹ conj. “and; †by, near, beside”
12.223 Also
- ⚠️ᴺS. !aich adv. “also”; see instead:
- S. eithro “*also”
- ⚠️G. arthi adv. “also, as well, besides, too”; see instead:
- S. eithro “*also”
- S. eithro adv. “*also”
12.23 to Separate
- S. edregol adv. “in especial, *especially”
- ⚠️G. far- v. “to separate, sever, divide; to depart, leave”
- ⚠️G. fartha- v. “to divide (tr.)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lhid- v. “to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^lhîd n. “sieve”
- S. seidia- v. “to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner”
- ⚠️G. thlid- v. “to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhid- “to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate”
- ⚠️G. thlid n. “sieve”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhîd “sieve”
12.24 to Open
- ᴺS. [G.] ^belen adj. “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”
- ⚠️G. belin adj. “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^belen “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”
- ᴺS. [G.] beltha- v. “to open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sail”
- ⚠️G. belu- v. “to unroll, unfurl (intransitively), belly (of sails), swell”; see instead:
- ᴺS. beltha- “to open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sail”
- S., N. edra- v. “to open (out)”
- ᴺS. !ledia- v. “to open; unlock (transitive)”
- N. panna- v. “to open, enlarge”
12.25 to Shut, Close
- ⚠️N. davnan adj. “?closed”; see instead:
- S. hollen “closed, shut”
- ⚠️N. forn(en) adj. “closed”; see instead:
- S. hollen “closed, shut”
- S. #hol- v. “to close, shut”
- S. hollen adj. “closed, shut”
12.26 to Cover
- ⚠️G. muthra- v. “to veil”
- ᴺS. [G.] telt n. “lid”
- ⚠️G. teltha- v. “cover in”; see instead:
- N. toba- “to cover, roof over”
- ⚠️G. telthion adj. “roofed in, sheltered, protected”
- N. toba- v. “to cover, roof over”
- ⚠️G. tub- v. “to cover”; see instead:
- N. toba- “to cover, roof over”
12.27 to Hide, Conceal
- N. delia- v. “to conceal”
- N. doltha- v. “to conceal”
- S. *fanna- v. “to veil, cloak”
- ⚠️G. fuitha-¹ v. “to hide (tr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tobla- “to hide”
- N. haltha- v. “to screen”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !hauda- v. “to cover up, hide away, lay in store, hoard, save, record; to bury”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !haudha- “to lay in store; to hoard, save, record; to bury”
- ᴺS. ^hoda- “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
- ᴺS. !haudha- v. “to lay in store; to hoard, save, record; to bury”
- ᴺS. !lhig- v. “to creep, sneak, do or go by stealth”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^tobla- v. “to hide”
- ⚠️G. tubla- v. “to hide (intr.)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tobla- “to hide”
12.272 Hidden, Concealed
- S., N. dolen adj. “hidden, [N.] secret”
- ⚠️G. furion adj. “secret, concealed, hidden”; see instead:
- S. thurin “secret, hidden”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^nigren adj. “stealthy, (orig.) mouse-like”
- ⚠️G. nigrin adj. “stealthy”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nigren “stealthy, (orig.) mouse-like”
- ⚠️S. torn² adj. “hidden, secret”; see instead:
- S. dolen “hidden, [N.] secret”
- S. thurin “secret, hidden”
- ⚠️G. tubrin adj. “hidden”; see instead:
- S. dolen “hidden, [N.] secret”
12.31 High
- ⚠️ᴱN. aig adj. “high, steep”; see instead:
- S. #aeg “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”
- N. baradh “steep”
- ⚠️G. alw(eg) adj. “lofty (of living things, trees, men)”; see instead:
- S. *alu “wholesome, *healthy”
- S. taer “lofty, *high”
- ⚠️ᴱN. amros adj. “rising, soaring, lofty”; see instead:
- S. taer “lofty, *high”
- ⚠️G. annor(in) adj. “lofty”; see instead:
- S. taer “lofty, *high”
- ⚠️G. anthor(in) adj. “lofty (of mountains)”; see instead:
- S. taer “lofty, *high”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. dâ adj. “high”; see instead:
- S. taer “lofty, *high”
- ⚠️G. dara adj. “lofty”; see instead:
- S. taer “lofty, *high”
- N. hall² adj. “exalted, high”
- ᴺS. !hallas n. “height”
- ⚠️G. ôl² n. “height, stature”
- ⚠️G. ront adj. “high, steep”; see instead:
- N. baradh “steep”
- S. taer adj. “lofty, *high”
12.32 Low
- ⚠️G. hamra adj. “lowly, lowlying; base”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tovn “lowlying, deep, low”
- ᴺS. [G.] haug adj. “low”
- ⚠️G. haugrin adj. “lowly, humble, mean”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hogren “lowly, humble, mean”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^hogren adj. “lowly, humble, mean”
- ⚠️N. tofn adj. “lowlying, deep, low”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tovn “lowlying, deep, low”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^tovn adj. “lowlying, deep, low”
- ⚠️G. um² adj. “lowlying”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tovn “lowlying, deep, low”
12.33 Top
- ⚠️ᴱN. câ n. “top”; see instead:
- N. caw “top”
- N. caw n. “top”
- ⚠️G. ôn¹ n. “crown of head, top”
12.34 Bottom
- ⚠️G. clib- v. “to uphold, support; to lean”
- ⚠️G. fod n. “end, butt, bottom”; see instead:
- S. methed “end”
- S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
- ⚠️G. hôm n. “ground, base, bottom, seabed”; see instead:
- N. talaf “ground, floor”
- S. thond “root, [N.] base; ⚠️root-word”
- S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
- ⚠️G. hum adv. “(right) down, (lit.) to bottom”; see instead:
- N. dad “down”
12.35 End
- ᴺS. [G.] laph n. “loose-end, end of rope, hem of robe”
- S. methed n. “end”
12.352 Point
- N. #caraes n. “*jagged hedge of spikes”
- N. carag n. “spike, tooth of rock”
- S., N. ceber n. “stake, spike; ⚠️[N.] ?limestone, -rock”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. daroth n. “top, peak, point, tip, spike, [G.] summit”; see instead:
- N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
- ᴺS. ^aegas “mountain peak”
- ⚠️N. ecthel n. “?point (of spear)”; see instead:
- N. thela “point (of spear)”
- S. naith “spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow prominitory; angle”
- N. ment n. “point”
- N. nass n. “point, (sharp) end; angle, corner”
- ⚠️G. nel n. “point, end, tip, jutting end”
- ⚠️G. pleg n. “hedge-stake, stake”; see instead:
- S. ceber “stake, spike; ⚠️[N.] ?limestone, -rock”
- ⚠️G. teb n. “point, nib, neb, nose”
- ⚠️G. teg n. “point, dot, spot”; see instead:
- N. peg “dot, small spot”
- S., N. till n. “point, spike, (sharp) horn, tine, ending”
- S. trunc n. “great stake”
12.353 Edge
- ⚠️ᴱN. cant n. “edge”; see instead:
- S. #cant “shape; [N.] outline”
- S. lanc¹ “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end”
- S. glân² “hem, border”
- ⚠️G. cilm n. “rim, brink, edge”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rîw “brink, brim”
- S. glân² n. “hem, border”
- S. lanc¹ n. “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end”
- ⚠️G. raim n. “edge, border-line”
- ᴺS. [N.] rhîf n. “brink, brim”
- ⚠️ᴺS. ^rîw n. “brink, brim”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rhîf “brink, brim”
- ᴺS. [G.] tast n. “border, fringe”
12.37 Middle
- ⚠️S. enaid adj. “central, middle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^enaidh “central, middle”
- ᴺS. [S.] ^enaidh adj. “central, middle”
- S., N. enedh n. “centre, middle; [N.] core”
- ᴺS. !enedhren adj. “central, essential”
- N. nedh- pref. “mid-”
- ᴺS. !nepheg n. “mid-point, (lit.) mid-spot”
- ⚠️G. seg n. “point, middle point”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !nepheg “mid-point, (lit.) mid-spot”
- ⚠️G. segrin adj. “middle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^enaidh “central, middle”
- ⚠️G. segron adj. “midmost”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^enaidh “central, middle”
12.371 Between
- S. im² prep. “between”
- ᴺS. !mîg prep. “among”
- S. mîn prep. and n. “between; gap, space, barrier; anything intervening between two other things”
12.38 Center
- ⚠️ᴱN. gir n. “interior, inwards, centre, inner parts, inside, heart”
- N. nest n. “?heart, core”
- ⚠️G. sectha n. and adj. “centre”; see instead:
- S. enedh “centre, middle; [N.] core”
12.391 In, Inside
- ⚠️G. a(d) prep. “into”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !mî “(to the) inside; into”
- ⚠️G. ba prep. “in”; see instead:
- S. mi “*in”
- ⚠️G. bi prep. “in”; see instead:
- S. mi “*in”
- ⚠️G. bir prep. “in, within, inside”
- ᴺS. !ivil n. “inside”
- S. mi prep. “*in”
- ᴺS. !mî adv. and prep. “(to the) inside; into”
- N. #ne- pref. “in”
12.392 Out, Outside
- S., N. ed¹ prep. and pref. “out, out of, [N.] forth”
- ⚠️G. edh prep. “outside, near borders of, near, hard by, beside”; see instead:
- S. ed¹ “out, out of, [N.] forth”
- ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
- ᴺS. !edren adj. “outer”
- ᴺS. !eth adj. and adv. “outside”
- ⚠️G. uf¹ prep. “out of, forth, from”; see instead:
- S. ed¹ “out, out of, [N.] forth”
- ⚠️G. ufra adj. “outer”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !edren “outer”
- ⚠️G. ûthi n. “outside”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !eth “outside”
12.393 Across, Athwart
- ⚠️N. ad prep. “*against”; see instead:
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ⚠️G. adr prep. and adv. “across, athwart”; see instead:
- S. thar “across, athwart, over”
- ⚠️G. adr(a) adj. “lying athwart; situated on far side”; see instead:
- S. thar “across, athwart, over”
- ⚠️G. adros n. “crossing, ford”; see instead:
- S. athrad “ford, crossing”
- ⚠️N. ath- pref. “on both sides, across”; see instead:
- S. thar “across, athwart, over”
- S. athra-¹ v. “to cross (to and fro)”
- S., N. athrad n. “ford, crossing”
- N. athrada- v. “to cross, traverse”
- ᴺS. !dadhren [nd-] adj. “opposing, facing, opposite”
- ⚠️G. had prep. “facing, opposite, over against; (c. allative) against, instead of, in return for, for, as”; see instead:
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ⚠️G. hadra- v. “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dadhra- “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”
- ⚠️G. hadra adj. “opposing, facing, opposite; equivalent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dadhren “opposing, facing, opposite”
- ⚠️G. hadron prep. and adv. “opposite”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dadhren “opposing, facing, opposite”
- N. hadron “thrower (of spears and darts)”
- S. #iach n. “ford”
- ⚠️N. iath prep. “across”; see instead:
- S. thar “across, athwart, over”
- ⚠️N. iathrad n. “crossing, ford”; see instead:
- S. athrad “ford, crossing”
- S., N. thar prep. and pref. “across, athwart, over”
- ⚠️G. trath n. “passage, ford”; see instead:
- S. athrad “ford, crossing”
12.394 Up, Above, Over
- S., N., ᴱN., G. #am adv. “up, [G.] upwards, ⚠️towards head of, above”
- ⚠️G. amon² adv. “uphill, against stream”; see instead:
- N. amben “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
- ⚠️G. antha adj. “upper”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^orth “upper”
- ⚠️G. anthos adv. “up, above”; see instead:
- N. or “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
- S. bo prep. “*on”
- ⚠️ᴱN. han n. “above”
- ⚠️ᴱN. oga prep. “above, on top of”; see instead:
- N. or “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
- N., G. or prep. “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
- ⚠️G. or- pref. “on, onto, up, in addition to”; see instead:
- N. or “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^orth adj. “upper”
- ⚠️G. ortha adj. “upper”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^orth “upper”
- ⚠️G. orthi adv. “up”; see instead:
- S. #am “up, [G.] upwards, ⚠️towards head of, above”
12.395 Down, Below, Beneath
- N., ᴱN. dad adv. “down”
- N. dadben adj. and adv. “downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dadvenn adj. and adv. “downhill; (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”; see instead:
- N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”
- ⚠️ᴱN. dadvinn n. “downhill slope; rash course, impetus, path to destruction”; see instead:
- N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”
- S., N. di¹ [nd-] prep. “beneath, under; ⚠️[N.] in”
- ⚠️G. nal² adv. “down, downwards”; see instead:
- N. dad “down”
- ⚠️G. naldron adj. “lower down”; see instead:
- N. dad “down”
- ⚠️G. naltha adj. “downward, lower, lower-down; (av.) below, beneath”; see instead:
- N. dad “down”
- S. nu “under”
- ⚠️N. no prep. “under”; see instead:
- S. nu “under”
- ⚠️ᴱN. nofn adj. “down, set”; see instead:
- N. dad “down”
- S. nu prep. “under”
- ⚠️G. nunthi adv. “downward”; see instead:
- N. dad “down”
12.3955 In Front
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. ant n. “face, front, forward surface; [G.] cheek”; see instead:
- N. nîf “front, face”
- N. crann “ruddy (of face); blush, the cheeks, ⚠️face”
- N. ant “gift”
- ⚠️G. gwintha- v. “to face”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nevra- “to face, go forward”
- ᴺS. [Ilk.] ^nevra- v. “to face, go forward”
- N. nîf n. “front, face”
- ⚠️G. nod adv. “forward, on, in advance”
12.396 Behind, At the Rear
- ⚠️G. abont adv. “back; backwards”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^abor² adj. “following, succeeding, close behind (of place), next behind or after (time or place)”
- N. adel prep. “behind, in rear (of)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bod adv. “back”; see instead:
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ⚠️G. bod adv. “behind, back, of time ago, ‘a while back’”; see instead:
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. bod- pref. “back, [G.] again; un- (= backwards)”; see instead:
- S. #ad- “back, again, re-”
- S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
- ⚠️G. bodra adj. “back(ward), hinder, rear”
- ⚠️G. bodron adv. “behind, further back”
- ⚠️ᴱN. bôn n. “back”
- ⚠️G. bont adv. “back(wards)”
- ⚠️G. obra adj. “close behind (of place), following, succeeding, next behind or after (time or place)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^abor² “following, succeeding, close behind (of place), next behind or after (time or place)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. poi n. “aft (on a ship)”
- ⚠️ᴱN. poiant n. “stern”
- ⚠️G. pont n. “the back, reverse or far side”
- N. tele n. “end, rear, hindmost part”
12.397 Beyond
- ⚠️G. adron adv. “further, beyond, over; on other side”; see instead:
- N. athan “beyond”
- N. athan prep. “beyond”
12.398 To, Towards
- ⚠️G. ar¹ prep. “at; to, towards”
- ⚠️ᴱN. athra- v. “to face, look in a certain direction, oppose”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !dadhra- “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”
- ᴺS. ^nevra- “to face, go forward”
- S. athra-¹ “to cross (to and fro)”
- ⚠️G. cint adv. “hither”; see instead:
- S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
- ⚠️G. hant¹ adv. “thither”; see instead:
- S. taw² “thither”
- S. na¹ prep. “to, towards, at”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ven n. “towards”
12.399 From, Away
- ⚠️G. a¹ prep. “from”; see instead:
- S. o “from, of”
- ⚠️G. bâ adv. “away, off”
- ⚠️G. baron¹ [mb-] adv. “from home, out, away, abroad”; see instead:
- S. palan “afar, abroad, far and wide”
- ⚠️S. go-² pref. “*away”; see instead:
- N. #gwa-² “*away”
- N. #gwa-² pref. “*away”
- ᴺS. [S.] ^gwachae adj. “far away”
- ⚠️S., N. #gwahae adj. “*far away”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gwachae “far away”
- ⚠️ᴱN. hin prep. “from”
- ⚠️G. mu¹ prep. “[?] flow; from”
- ⚠️G. redhos n. “land”
- ⚠️G. restu adj. “out of land, abroad, away from home”; see instead:
- S. palan “afar, abroad, far and wide”
12.41 Right (vs. Left)
- ⚠️N. feir² adj. “right (hand)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. fuir “[N.] right (hand); ⚠️north”
- ⚠️G. fim adj. “clever, right hand”; see instead:
- N. maen “skilled, clever”
- ⚠️N. forgam adj. “righthanded”; see instead:
- S. forvo “right hand, right side”
- S. forvo n. “right hand, right side”
- ᴺS. [S.] fuir adj. “[N.] right (hand); ⚠️north”
12.42 Left (vs. Right)
- ⚠️N. crom adj. “left”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hair “left (hand)”
- ⚠️N. crum n. “left hand”; see instead:
- S. harvo “left hand, left side”
- ⚠️N. crumui adj. “left-handed”; see instead:
- N. harwed “left-handed”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^hair n. and adj. “left (hand)”
- ⚠️N. hargam adj. “left-handed”; see instead:
- S. harvo “left hand, left side”
- S. harvo n. “left hand, left side”
- ⚠️N. harwed adj. “left-handed”; see instead:
- S. harvo “left hand, left side”
- ⚠️N. heir n. and adj. “left (hand)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^hair “left (hand)”
12.43 Near
- S., N., G. ar- pref. “[N.] outside; [S.] without; ⚠️by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with”
- ⚠️G. art adv. “beside, along side of”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
- ⚠️G. artha prep. “alongside (of)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
- ⚠️G. cî adv. “here”
- ⚠️G. ed prep. “close by”; see instead:
- S. ed¹ “out, out of, [N.] forth”
- S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
- ⚠️G. edhos prep. “just without, close by”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
- ⚠️G. hath- pref. “close to, by, beside, touching”
- ⚠️G. lent adv. “near, close to, up by, along side of; (c. dat.) at, towards, up to side of; therewith, with it, withal”; see instead:
- S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
- ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
- S. na¹ “to, towards, at”
- ᴺS. !nabant adv. “almost, (lit.) towards full”
- ⚠️ᴱN. neb adv. “near”; see instead:
- S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
- S. nef prep. “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
- ⚠️ᴱN. neibio adv. “nearly, almost”
- ᴺS. !nevui adj. “nearly”
- ᴺS. !pela(h) prep. “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”
- S., G. sí adv. “here, in this place (of speaker)”
- ⚠️G. sith adv. “hither”; see instead:
- S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
12.44 Far
- ⚠️G. annai adv. “far away”; see instead:
- S. hae “far, (very) far away”
- ⚠️ᴱN. ech adv. “far away”; see instead:
- S. hae “far, (very) far away”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. eg adv. “far, †wide; [G.] far away, wide, distant, far off”; see instead:
- S. hae “far, (very) far away”
- ⚠️G. egiont adj. “further, farther”
- ⚠️ᴱN. egos n. “distance”; see instead:
- S. haered “remoteness, (remote) distance”
- ⚠️G. egra adj. “distant, far away”; see instead:
- S. haer “remote, *distant”
- ⚠️ᴱN. egren adj. “distant”; see instead:
- S. haer “remote, *distant”
- ⚠️G. egros adv. “distant, far away”; see instead:
- S. hae “far, (very) far away”
- ⚠️G. egwed adj. “far, distant”; see instead:
- S. haer “remote, *distant”
- S. ennas adv. “there”
- ⚠️G. entha adv. “there by you, thither”
- S., N. hae adj. and adv. “far, (very) far away”
- S. haer adj. “remote, *distant”
- S. haered n. “remoteness, (remote) distance”
- S. haeron adj. “*distant”
- ⚠️G. hai¹ adv. “there (by him)”
- ⚠️G. lenc adj. and adv. “far, distant”; see instead:
- S. hae “far, (very) far away”
- ⚠️G. lenchos n. “distance”; see instead:
- S. haered “remoteness, (remote) distance”
- S. palan adv. “afar, abroad, far and wide”
- S. palan-díriel n. “far-gazer”
- S. taw² adv. “thither”
12.45 East
- ⚠️N. †rhufen adj. “east”; see instead:
- S. rhúnen “eastern”
- S., N. rhûn n. “east, [N.] eastern; †rising”
- S. rhúnen adj. “eastern”
12.46 West
- S. annui adj. “west[ern]”
- S., N. dûn [nd-] n. “west”
- ᴺS. !dúnen adj. “western”
- ⚠️G. nûmin adj. “the west, sinking”; see instead:
- S. annûn “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
- ⚠️ᴱN. #núnad- v. “to wester”
- ⚠️ᴱN. núnadol n. “westering”
12.47 North
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^fervain adj. “northern”; see instead:
- N. forodren “northern”
- ⚠️N. fervein adj. “northern”; see instead:
- N. forodren “northern”
- S. for- pref. “north”
- ᴺS. !fordûn n. “northwest”
- ᴺS. !fordúnen adj. “northwestern”
- S., N. forn adj. “north, [N.] right”
- S., N. forod n. “north”
- N. forodren adj. “northern”
- ᴺS. !forrûn n. “northeast”
- ᴺS. !forrúnen adj. “northeast”
- ⚠️N. forven n. “north”; see instead:
- S. forod “north”
12.48 South
- S., N. harad n. “south”
- N. haradren adj. “southern”
- ᴺS. !hardûn n. “southwest”
- ᴺS. !hardúnen adj. “southwestern”
- ⚠️N. harfen n. “*south-region”; see instead:
- S. harad “south”
- S., N., ᴱN. harn adj. “south, southern”
- ᴺS. !harrûn n. “southeast”
- ᴺS. !harrúnen adj. “southeast”
12.51 Form, Shape
- ⚠️G. benn² n. “shape, cut, fashion, shapeliness”; see instead:
- S. #cant “shape; [N.] outline”
- S. #rest “[N.] cut”
- ⚠️G. bentha- v. “to cut, fashion, shape”; see instead:
- S. echad- “to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”
- ⚠️ᴱN. cadog adj. “?shapely”; see instead:
- N. cadwor “shapely”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^cadu adj. “shaped, formed”
- ⚠️N. cadw adj. “shaped, formed”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^cadu “shaped, formed”
- N. cadwor adj. “shapely”
- S. #cannas n. “[abstract] shape”
- S., N. #cant n. “shape; [N.] outline”
- S., N. echad- v. “to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”
- ⚠️G. tab- v. “to cut to shape, fashion”; see instead:
- S. echad- “to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”
- ⚠️G. tôb(a) n. “shape, cut, fashion”; see instead:
- S. #cant “shape; [N.] outline”
12.53 to Grow
- ⚠️G. altha- v. “to shoot up, grow (high)”
- ⚠️G. calon adj. “grown (of plants), budd[ing], in blade (of corn)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^galen “grown (esp. of plants)”
- ⚠️G. caltha- v. “to wax, grow, flourish”; see instead:
- S. gala- “to grow”
- S. theria- “to be vigorous, flourish”
- ⚠️G. calwed adj. “flourishing, adolescent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !theriol “flourishing”
- ᴺS. !gwidhren “adolescent, pre-adult”
- S., N. gala- v. “to grow”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^galen adj. “grown (esp. of plants)”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^gannan adj. “waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large”
- ⚠️G. ganthan adj. “waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^gannan “waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large”
- ⚠️G. -loth suf. “-grown”
- S. theria- v. “to be vigorous, flourish”
- ᴺS. !theriol adj. “flourishing”
12.54 to Measure
- S. daur n. “league; †stop, pause”
- ⚠️N. daur adj. “great, large”; see instead:
- S. daer¹ “great, large”
- S. daur “league; †stop, pause”
- ⚠️G. modra- v. “count, measure”
- ⚠️G. modri n. “measurement”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^raew n. “fathom”
- ⚠️N. rhaew n. “fathom”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raew “fathom”
12.55 Big, Large, Great
- S., N., ᴱN., G. beleg adj. “great, mighty; large, big, [ᴱN.] huge”
- S. daer¹ adj. “great, large”
- ⚠️G. gwen(n) adj. “big, large; fine”; see instead:
- S. daer¹ “great, large”
- S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- ⚠️G. ûmi adj. “large”
12.56 Small, Little
- ⚠️G. inc adj. “little”; see instead:
- S. #pîn “little”
- ⚠️G. inig adj. “small”; see instead:
- S. #pîn “little”
- N. mîw adj. “small, tiny, frail”
- ᴺS. !nítha-² v. “to reduce, make small”
- ᴺS. !níthannen v. “reduced, minor”
- N. pigen adj. “tiny”
- S. #pîn adj. “little”
- ⚠️G. pinig adj. “tiny, little”; see instead:
- N. pigen “tiny”
- S. #pîn “little”
- N. tithen adj. “little, tiny”
12.565 Bit, Small Thing
- N. peg n. “dot, small spot”
- ⚠️G. pî n. “anything very small, a bit, mote”; see instead:
- N. peg “dot, small spot”
12.57 Long
- S., N. anann adv. “(for) long”
- S. and adj. “long”
- ᴺS. !annas n. “length”
- ⚠️G. dîr adj. “long (of time)”
- ⚠️G. in(d)ra adj. “long (also used of time)”; see instead:
- S. and “long”
- ⚠️G. lenwi n. “length, distance”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !annas “length”
- ⚠️G. sûr adj. “long, trailing”
- N. taen² adj. “long (and thin)”
12.58 Tall
- N. baradh adj. “steep”
- S., N. brand¹ adj. “towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine”
- S., N. orchal adj. “tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
- ᴺS. [Ilk.] ?thall adj. “steep, falling steeply (of river)”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^tond adj. “tall”
- ⚠️N. tonn adj. “tall”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^tond “tall”
12.59 Short
- S. esten(t) adj. “short”
- ᴺS. !thennas n. “shortness”
- S., N. thent adj. “short”
- ⚠️N. thinnas n. “shortness, shortening”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !thennas “shortness”
12.61 Wide, Broad
- ⚠️ᴱN. egall adj. “very broad”; see instead:
- S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- ⚠️ᴱN. eglann adj. “very wide”; see instead:
- S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- ⚠️G. egrin adj. “wide, vast, broad; far”; see instead:
- S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gall adj. “wide, broad”; see instead:
- S. #land “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
- ⚠️S. iand adj. “wide”; see instead:
- S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- S. iaun adj. “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- S., G. #land adj. “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
- ⚠️N., ᴱN. lhann adj. and n. “wide, [ᴱN.] broad; shire”; see instead:
- S. #land “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
- N. pann¹ adj. “wide”
- ⚠️N. ûr² adj. “wide”; see instead:
- S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
- S. *ûr “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”
12.62 Narrow
- N. agor adj. “narrow”
- ⚠️G. fing adj. “narrow”; see instead:
- N. agor “narrow”
- S. fing “lock of hair”
- ⚠️G. fingli n. “narrow place, straits, sound, pass in mountains”; see instead:
- S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
- S. úlan(n) adj. “narrow, (lit.) not broad”
12.63 Thick (in Dimension)
- ⚠️ᴱN. dolch adj. “stout, thick”; see instead:
- N. tûg “thick, fat”
- ⚠️G. fabwed adj. “corpulent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !túgomui “corpulent, (lit.) having a fat belly”
- ⚠️G. lubi adj. “corpulent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !túgomui “corpulent, (lit.) having a fat belly”
- ⚠️G. polc adj. “thick, fat”; see instead:
- N. tûg “thick, fat”
- N. tûg adj. “thick, fat”
- ᴺS. !túgom adj. “fat-bellied”
- ᴺS. !túgomui adj. “corpulent, (lit.) having a fat belly”
12.64 Thick (in Density)
- ᴺS. [S.] delch [nd-] adj. “dense”
12.65 Thin (in Dimension)
- S. fim adj. “slender, slim”
- ⚠️G. glen(d)rin adj. “slender”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhind “fine, slender”
- ⚠️G. glen(d)rinios n. “slenderness”
- ⚠️G. glen(n) adj. “thin, fine, slender”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhind “fine, slender”
- ⚠️G. glenweth n. “thinness”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !lhinnas “slenderness, thinness”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhind adj. “fine, slender”
- ᴺS. !lhinnas n. “slenderness, thinness”
- ⚠️ᴱN. minedh adj. “fine, slender, thin, small”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nind “slender”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^nind adj. “slender”
- ⚠️N. ninn adj. “slender”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^nind “slender”
- ⚠️N., G. thlinn adj. “fine, slender”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhind “fine, slender”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^thriben adj. “lean”
- ⚠️G. thribin adj. “lean”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^thriben “lean”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tlui adj. “slender”; see instead:
- N. trîw “fine, very slender”
- N. trîw adj. “fine, very slender”
12.66 Thin (in Density)
- ᴺS. [N.] ^lhain adj. “lean, thin, meagre”
- ⚠️N. thlein adj. “lean, thin, meagre”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^lhain “lean, thin, meagre”
12.67 Deep
- ⚠️G. dolc [nd-] adj. “deep”; see instead:
- N. nûr² “deep”
- N. nûr² adj. “deep”
12.71 Flat
- ⚠️G. amlad n. “surface”; see instead:
- N. palath¹ “surface”
- ⚠️G. blant adj. “flat, open, expansive, candid, blunt (of words)”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^plant “flat, open, expansive; candid, blunt (of words)”
- ⚠️N. dalw adj. “flat”; see instead:
- S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
- ⚠️G. engri n. “flat surface, level, plane”; see instead:
- N. palath¹ “surface”
- S., N. #laden adj. “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
- ⚠️G. ladin adj. “level, smooth; fair, equitable”; see instead:
- S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
- N. path “smooth”
- S. fael² “fair-minded, just, generous”
- ᴺS. !laidh adj. “horizontal, (lit.) lying flat”
- ⚠️N., ᴱN. lhaden adj. “flat (and wide); open, cleared; [ᴱN.] smooth”; see instead:
- S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
- N. palath¹ n. “surface”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^plant adj. “flat, open, expansive; candid, blunt (of words)”
- ⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^talu adj. “flat”; see instead:
- S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
- ⚠️ᴱN. thain adj. “level, even”
12.72 Hollow, Concave
- S. coll² adj. “hollow”
- ⚠️G. cub adj. “hollow”; see instead:
- S. coll² “hollow”
- ⚠️G. dûl [nd-] adj. “hollow”; see instead:
- S. coll² “hollow”
- S. †naw adj. “hollow”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^raudh adj. “hollow, cavernous”
- ⚠️N. rhaudh adj. “hollow, cavernous”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
- ⚠️G. rothrin adj. “hollow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
- ⚠️G. rûdin adj. “hollow, cavernous”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
- ⚠️G. tum n. “hollow”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
- ⚠️G. tumbol adj. “valley-like, hollow, excavated”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
12.73 Straight
- N. taer adj. “straight”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tain² adj. “straight”; see instead:
- N. taer “straight”
- N., G. tîr adj. “straight, right; [G.] upright, honest; esteem, regard, honour”
- ᴺS. !tírad(a)- n. “to correct, straighten, rectify”
12.74 Crooked
- ⚠️G. craig adj. “crooked”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
- ⚠️G. fant adj. “crooked, bent, bowed”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gaug adj. “crooked”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
- ⚠️G. gwegla adj. “crooked”; see instead:
- ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
- ᴺS. [N.] rhaen adj. “crooked”
12.75 Hook, Crook
- ⚠️G. crog n. “hook”; see instead:
- S. gamp “hook, crook; [N.] claw”
- ⚠️G. crogin adj. “hooked”
- S., N. gamp n. “hook, crook; [N.] claw”
12.76 Angle, Corner
- N. bennas n. “angle”
- S., N. naith n. “spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow prominitory; angle”
- N. nelthil n. “triangle”
- ⚠️G. og² n. “sharp corner”
12.77 Cross
- ᴺS. [G.] taru n. “cross, *crucifix; ⚠️crossing”
- ⚠️G. tranc adj. “criss-cross, crossed; cross, at cross purpose, perverse”
- ⚠️G. trantha- v. “to cross (tr. & intr.); to mark with a cross”; see instead:
- S. athra-¹ “to cross (to and fro)”
- ⚠️G. †trôn n. “a cross; a crossing”; see instead:
- ᴺS. taru “cross, *crucifix; ⚠️crossing”
12.78 Square
- ᴺS. !canthil n. “square”
- ⚠️G. cantrib n. “square”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !canthil “square”
12.81 Round
- N. corn adj. “round, globed”
- ⚠️G. corol adj. “round, circular; rolling”; see instead:
- N. corn “round, globed”
- ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
- ⚠️ᴱN. crigen adj. “circular”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
- ⚠️G. crithog adj. “circular”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
- ⚠️ᴱN. crithui adj. “circular”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
- ⚠️G. crôl adj. “round”; see instead:
- N. corn “round, globed”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rend¹ adj. “circular”
- ⚠️N. rhenn adj. “circular”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
12.82 Circle
- S. cor n. “ring, circle”
- ⚠️G. corm n. “ring, circle, disc”; see instead:
- S. cor “ring, circle”
- S. *corod n. “circle”
- ⚠️ᴱN. craith n. “circle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
- ⚠️G. crithla- v. “to encircle; to circle, go round”
- ⚠️ᴱN., G. crithos n. “ring; [G.] circle”; see instead:
- S. cor “ring, circle”
- ⚠️G. †drinn n. “ring, disc”; see instead:
- S. cor “ring, circle”
- S. echor n. and adj. “outer circle; encircling”
- ⚠️G. gorin n. “circle of trees”; see instead:
- S. cerin “circular mound, artificial hill; [N.] round enclosure”
- ⚠️G. grail n. “ring, circle, circlet”; see instead:
- S. cor “ring, circle”
- ⚠️G. grileg adj. “ringed, hooped shape”
- ⚠️ᴱN. gwerin n. “enclosure”; see instead:
- S. cerin “circular mound, artificial hill; [N.] round enclosure”
- ⚠️ᴱN. rhim n. “ring, circle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
- ⚠️N. rhingorn n. “circle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^ringorn “circle”
- ⚠️N. rhinn n. “circle”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
- ⚠️G. rinc adj. and n. “circular; disc, rondure”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
- ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
- ᴺS. ^rinc “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^rind n. “circle”
- ᴺS. [N.] ^ringorn n. “circle”
- ᴺS. [G.] rod n. “tube, stem, *pipe”
- ⚠️G. rodrin adj. “cylindrical”
12.83 Sphere
- ⚠️ᴱN. corn¹ n. “round ball”; see instead:
- N. coron “globe, ball”
- N. corn “round, globed”
- N. coron n. “globe, ball”
- ⚠️G. cross n. “ball”; see instead:
- N. coron “globe, ball”
- ⚠️G. crost n. “lump, ball, cake”; see instead:
- N. coron “globe, ball”
- N. basgorn “loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake”
12.84 Line
- ⚠️N. lhîr¹ n. “row”; see instead:
- S. #lîr “line, [N.] row”
- S. #lîr n. “line, [N.] row”
- ᴺS. !narth n. “list, (lit.) product of recitation”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^raeb adj. “scored, striped”
- ⚠️G. raib adj. “scored, striped”; see instead:
- ᴺS. ^raeb “scored, striped”
- ᴺS. [G.] rib n. “stripe, line; ⚠️shore; border, fringe”
- ᴺS. [G.] ribin adj. “striped, edged”
- ⚠️G. rimin¹ adj. “striped, edged”
- N., G. tê n. “line, way, ⚠️[G.] track, path; mark”
- ⚠️G. tion n. “a straight line”; see instead:
- N. tî “line, row; ⚠️[G.] straight”
12.85 Hole
- N. dath n. “hole, pit; steep fall, abyss”
- ⚠️G. dolm [nd-] n. “pit”; see instead:
- N. dath “hole, pit; steep fall, abyss”
- N. gas n. “hole, gap”
- ⚠️G. ôth n. “hole, opening”; see instead:
- N. gas “hole, gap”
- ⚠️G. sauth n. “a hole, tunnel”; see instead:
- N. dath “hole, pit; steep fall, abyss”
- S. fela “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
- N. tess n. “fine pierced hole”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tonn n. “(bored) hole, perforation”
- ⚠️ᴱN. tunneb adj. “full of holes, riddles”
12.91 Equal, Alike
- ⚠️ᴺS. !aif adj. “same”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ain “same, identical”
- ᴺS. !ain adj. “same, identical”
- ⚠️G. argulthion adj. “equal, equivalent”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !asgolui “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
- ᴺS. !asgolui adj. “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
- ᴺS. !bíleb adj. “equal”
- ᴺS. !bilebra- v. “to equal”
- ᴺS. !bilebren adj. “equable”
- ᴺS. !bileutha- v. “to make equal, equalize”
- ⚠️G. felectha- v. “to make equal, equalize”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bileutha- “to make equal, equalize”
- ⚠️G. feleg adj. “equal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bíleb “equal”
- S. feleg “cave, ⚠️mine, underground dwelling”
- ⚠️G. felegra- v. “to equal”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bilebra- “to equal”
- ⚠️G. felegrin adj. “equable”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bilebren “equable”
- ⚠️G. felweg n. “one’s fellow or equal, rival”
- ⚠️G. gofel adj. and adv. “exactly alike”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
- ⚠️G. gofelthi n. “exact similarity”
- ⚠️G. gofelweg n. “one’s fellow or equal, rival”
- ⚠️G. inco pron. “the same, the identical”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !ain “same, identical”
- S. im¹ “I, I myself; reflexive, self(same)”
- ⚠️G. ladinios n. “equity”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !faelas “fairness, equity”
12.92 Like, Similar
- ⚠️ᴱN. a prep. “like”; see instead:
- S. #be “as, like; ⚠️in”
- S. #be prep. “as, like; ⚠️in”
- ᴺS. !bída- v. “to compare, liken”
- ᴺS. !bîl n. “likeness, similarity”
- ᴺS. !bilthadren adj. “probable”
- ⚠️G. fel prep. and adv. “like; (as av.) as, like”; see instead:
- S. #be “as, like; ⚠️in”
- ᴺS. !bîl “likeness, similarity”
- ⚠️G. feltha adj. “similar, like”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
- ⚠️G. felthadrin adj. “probable”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !bilthadren “probable”
- ⚠️G. gofeltha adj. “*similar, like”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
- ⚠️ᴱN. goneb adj. “similar”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !gothiol adj. “similar”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
- ᴺS. !govai adj. and adv. “alike, similar”
12.925 Different, Other
- ᴺS. !egel adj. “other”
- ᴺS. !egelren adj. “different, strange”
- ᴺS. [G.] ^egol adv. and n. “else, something else”
- ⚠️ᴺS. !eithor adj. “other, another”; see instead:
- ᴺS. !egel “other”
- ⚠️G. elc