Eldamo : Primitive Elvish : RŌ/ORO

√RŌ/ORO root. “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount”

√RŌ/ORO root. “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising”

This invertible root had a long history in Tolkien’s writings. Its earliest iteration was as a pair of roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱ√OŘO [OÐO] with derivatives having to do with the “dawn”, which it was much confused with ᴱ√ORO¹ whose derivatives were rising things (QL/70). The latter had derivatives like ᴱQ. orme “summit, crest, hilltop” and ᴱQ. orto- “raise” (QL/70), and Tolkien mentioned an inverted variant ᴱ√RŌ or ᴱ√ROHO with derivatives like ᴱQ. róna- “arise, rise, ascend” (QL/80). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon also gave it as in an invertible root ᴱ√rō-, oro with derivatives like G. oros “rising” and G. ront “high, steep” (GL/63, 66).

The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ORO “up, rise, high” and ᴹ√RŌ “rise” (Ety/ORO, RŌ). The root was mentioned very frequently in his writings from the 1930s, 40s, 50s and 60s, generally glossed “rise” or “up(wards)”. Thus √RŌ/ORO “rise” was very well established in Tolkien’s mind, but distinct ᴱ√OŘO “*dawn” seems to have been abandoned very early.

References ✧ Let/426; NM/176; PE17/63-64, 112, 171, 182; PE18/88-89, 106; PE22/129, 133-134, 156, 163; VT41/11, 13; VT48/25, 31

Glosses

“(high) above” ✧ PE22/163 (oro/ro)
“rise” ✧ PE18/88 (or/ro)
“rise up, go high” ✧ Let/426 (OR/RO)
“rise, mount” ✧ PE17/63 (OR/ORO); PE17/63 (RŌ); PE17/171 (OR/ORO/RŌ)
“rise/up” ✧ PE22/129 (OR)
“up” ✧ PE18/106 (OR); PE22/134 (OR/RO); VT48/31 (OR)
“up(wards)” ✧ PE22/156 (OR)
“up, -rise” ✧ VT41/13 (or-)
“up, rise” ✧ NM/176 (OR/RO); PE22/133 (OR/RŌ); VT48/25 (or/ro)

Variations

OR/RO ✧ Let/426; NM/176; PE18/88; PE22/134; VT48/25
OR/ORO ✧ PE17/63
RŌ ✧ PE17/63; PE17/182
OR/RŌ ✧ PE17/64; PE17/112; PE22/133
OR/ORO/RŌ ✧ PE17/171
OR ✧ PE18/89; PE18/106; PE22/129; PE22/156; VT41/11; VT41/13; VT48/31 (OR)
oro/ro ✧ PE22/163

GOR “warn, counsel” in Quenya and Telerin associated with OR ✧ VT41/11
ōre “innermost mind” was not related to OR/RO “up, rise” ✧ NM/176
NŪ “sink, go down” reverse of OR/RŌ ✧ PE17/64
Q. óre was often associated in Quenya with or- “up, -rise” ✧ VT41/13

Derivatives

> ᴺQ. oricon “heather”
⇒ ᴺQ. !oroparmen “high school, university”
> ᴺQ. orosta “ascension”
⇒ ᴺQ. !orpano “ridgepole”
> ᴺQ. !orsa “upper, above”
> ᴺS. ^orth “upper”
> #✶ōre “arising”
- ⇒ ✶Mbelekōre “Might(y) Arising” ✧ PE17/115
  - > Q. Melkor “He who arises in Might; (lit.) Mighty Arising” ✧ PE17/115; PE17/115; WJ/402
    - ⇒ Q. Melkorohíni “Children of Melkor”
    - ⇒ Q. Melkorsēni “Children of Melkor”
  - > S. Belegûr “He who arises in Might, (lit.) Mighty Arising” ✧ PE17/115
- ⇒ S. Belegûr “He who arises in Might, (lit.) Mighty Arising”
> ✶ornā “uprising, tall” ✧ PE17/112
- ⇒ North S. Celegorm “Hasty-riser” ✧ PE17/113
- ⇒ **✶Kelec-orna “Swift-tall” ✧ PE17/112
  - > North S. Celegorm “Hasty-riser” ✧ PE17/112
- > Q. orwa “high, lofty”
- ⇒ Q. Telporno “*Silver Tall”
- ⇒ S. Celeborn¹ “Silver-tree; Silver Tall” ✧ NM/350; UT/266
- ⇒ T. Teleporno “Silver-tall; Silver-tree” ✧ UT/266
> ✶ornē “(straight) tree” ✧ Let/426
- ⇒ ✶lepethron ✧ PE17/89
  - > S. lebethron “Gondorian hardwood, *(lit.) finger tree” ✧ PE17/89
- > Q. ornë “(tall) tree” ✧ Let/426
  - ⇒ 6 compounds
- > S. eryn “wood, forest (of trees)” ✧ PE17/33; PE17/119
  - ⇒ 4 compounds
- > S. orn “(tall straight) tree” ✧ Let/426; NM/349; UT/267
  - ⇒ 15 compounds
- ⇒ T. Teleporno “Silver-tall; Silver-tree” ✧ NM/349
> ✶orta- “to rise, ascend” ✧ PE18/106; PE22/129; PE22/135
⇒ ✶ortā- “to raise” ✧ PE18/89; PE18/106
- > Q. orta-¹ “to raise, lift (up), (lit.) cause to rise” ✧ PE22/159
  - ⇒ 5 compounds
> ✶orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/135
- > Q. orya-¹ “to rise” ✧ PE22/157
  - ⇒ [see above]
⇒ *√(S)RŌ “east”
- > Q. ro- “uprising, sunrise, east”
  - ⇒ 4 compounds
- > S. rhûn “east”
  - ⇒ 10 compounds
⇒ Q. #ormo “riser”
- ⇒ North S. Celegorm “Hasty-riser”
- ⇒ Q. Tyelcormo “Hasty-riser” ✧ PM/353
> Q. oro “mount, mountain, hill” ✧ PE17/64
- ⇒ 5 compounds
⇒ Q. oromar “lofty hall, high-mansion, high (lofty) dwelling” ✧ PE17/63
> Q. orta-¹ “to raise, lift (up), (lit.) cause to rise” ✧ Let/426; PE17/63; PE22/156
- ⇒ 5 compounds
> Q. orta-² “to rise” ✧ PE17/64
- ⇒ ᴺQ. !enortalë “resurrection”
> Q. orto “mount, mountain, hill” ✧ PE17/64
- ⇒ ᴺQ. !ortosta “mountain range”
- ⇒ Q. orotinga “mountain-top”
> Q. orya-¹ “to rise” ✧ PE17/64; PE22/156; PE22/163
- ⇒ ᴺQ. !orina “risen”
- ⇒ Q. oryandë “arising”
⇒ Q. orya-² “*to raise”
⇒ Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ PE17/63
- ⇒ 7 compounds
> S. orod “mountain” ✧ PE17/64; PE17/64
- ⇒ 21 compounds

ᴹ√RŌ/ORO root. “rise, up, high”

See √RŌ/ORO for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/ORO, RŌ; EtyAC/ORO, RŌ; PE18/39; PE22/98

Glosses

“rise” ✧ Ety/RŌ (RŌ); PE22/98 (OR/RŌ)
“up, rise, high” ✧ Ety/ORO (ORO)

Variations

ORO ✧ Ety/ORO; Ety/RŌ
RŌ ✧ Ety/ORO; Ety/RŌ; EtyAC/RŌ
OR ✧ PE18/39; EtyAC/ORO (OR)
OR/RŌ ✧ PE22/98

RŌ ✧ Ety/ORO
RŌ “rise” ✧ Ety/RŌ
NDŪ “down” is the opposite of RŌ “rise” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Changes

OR >> ORO “up, rise, high” ✧ EtyAC/ORO

Derivatives

> ᴹ✶ornē “(high) tree” ✧ Ety/ÓR-NI
- > Ilk. orn “tree” ✧ Ety/ÓR-NI
  - ⇒ Ilk. Hirilorn “*Tree of the Lady”
  - ⇒ Ilk. neldor “beech” ✧ Ety/NEL
    - ⇒ Ilk. Neldoreth ✧ Ety/NEL
  - ⇒ Ilk. regorn “holly-tree” ✧ Ety/ÓR-NI
    - ⇒ [see above]
- ⇒ Ilk. regorn “holly-tree” ✧ Ety/ERÉK
  - ⇒ Ilk. Regornion “Hollin” ✧ Ety/ERÉK
- > ᴹQ. orne “(high isolated) tree” ✧ Ety/ÓR-NI; SD/302
  - ⇒ ᴹQ. Lamorni “Talking Trees”
  - ⇒ ᴹQ. Ornelie “Tree-folk”
  - ⇒ ᴹQ. Ornómi “Trees with Voices”
- > N. orn “tree” ✧ Ety/ÓR-NI; Ety/ÓR-NI; SD/302
  - ⇒ 6 compounds
⇒ ᴹ√OROT “height, mountain” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
- > Ad. #urud “mountain”
- > Ilk. orth “mountain” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
  - ⇒ Ilk. Lóminorthin “Echoing Mountains”
  - ⇒ Ilk. Urthin Gwethion “*Mountains of Shadow” ✧ Ety/WATH
- > ᴹQ. oron “mountain” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
  - ⇒ ᴹQ. Lunoronti “Blue Mountains”
  - ⇒ ᴹQ. Orondil
- > ᴹQ. orto “mountain-top” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
- > ON. oroto “mountain” ✧ Ety/ÓROT; Ety/ÓROT
  - > N. orod “mountain” ✧ Ety/ÓROT; Ety/ÓROT
    - ⇒ N. Erebor “Lonely Mountain”
    - ⇒ N. Ered-engrin “Iron Mountains” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
    - ⇒ N. Eredfain
    - ⇒ N. Eredhithui “Misty Mountains” ✧ TI/124
    - ⇒ N. Eredlemrin “Echoing Mountains” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
    - ⇒ N. Eredlindon “Mountains of Lindon, (earlier) Blue Mountains” ✧ Ety/ÓROT
    - ⇒ N. Eredlithui “Ash Mountains”
    - ⇒ N. Eredlómin “Echoing Mountains”
    - ⇒ N. Eredluin “Blue Mountains” ✧ Ety/LUG²
    - ⇒ N. Ered Nimras “White Mountains”
    - ⇒ N. Ered Nimrath “White Mountains”
    - ⇒ N. Ered Orgoroth “Mountains of Terror” ✧ LR/298
    - ⇒ N. Eredvyrn “Black Mountains” ✧ TI/124
    - ⇒ N. Eredwethion “Shadowy Mountains” ✧ Ety/ÓROT; PE22/41; PE22/41
    - ⇒ N. Eryd-Lómin “Mountains of Shadow”
    - ⇒ N. Lhúnorodrim “Blue Mountains” ✧ Ety/LUG²
    - ⇒ N. Mindor Uilas “*Isolated Mountain of Ever-leaf”
    - > N. orod “mountain” ✧ PE22/41
    - ⇒ N. Orodlin
    - ⇒ N. Orodras
    - ⇒ N. Orodreth ✧ Ety/ÓROT
    - ⇒ N. Orodruin “Mountain of Fire” ✧ TI/28
    - ⇒ N. Orod Thuin ✧ TI/420
    - ⇒ N. Orthanc “Mount Fang”
    - ⇒ N. Thangorodrim “Mountains of Duress” ✧ Ety/STAG
- > Q. oron “mountain”
  - ⇒ Q. Oron Oiolossë “Mount Everwhite” ✧ WJ/403
- > Q. orto “mount, mountain, hill”
  - ⇒ ᴺQ. !ortosta “mountain range”
  - ⇒ Q. orotinga “mountain-top”
- > S. orod “mountain”
  - ⇒ 21 compounds
> ᴹ✶orta- “to rise” ✧ PE22/98
- > ᴹQ. orta-² “to rise”
  - ⇒ 4 compounds
⇒ ᴹ✶ortā- “to raise” ✧ PE18/39; PE22/98
- > ᴹQ. orta-¹ “to raise, lift”
  - ⇒ [see above]
> ᴹQ. óre “rising” ✧ Ety/ORO
- ⇒ ᴹQ. anaróre “sunrise” ✧ Ety/ORO
> ᴹQ. orta-¹ “to raise, lift” ✧ Ety/ORO
- ⇒ ᴹQ. ortalima “able to be raised”
- ⇒ ᴹQ. ortare “lifting up”
> ᴹQ. orta-² “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO
- ⇒ 4 compounds
> ᴹQ. orya- “to rise”
- ⇒ ᴹQ. ororia- “to keep on rising (and falling)”
⇒ ᴹQ. rómen “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ
- ⇒ 4 compounds
> ᴹQ. róna “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ
> N. or “above” ✧ Ety/ORO
- ⇒ 6 compounds
> N. †rhufen “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ
> ON. #or “above”
- ⇒ ON. orkhalla “superior” ✧ Ety/KHAL²
  - > N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/KHAL²
    - ⇒ N. Orchelanath ✧ EtyAC/KHAL²
> ON. oria- “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO; Ety/ORO
- > N. eria- “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO
  - ⇒ ᴺS. !eriad “rising”
> ON. orta- “to raise” ✧ Ety/ORO
- > N. ortha- “to raise” ✧ Ety/ORO
  - ⇒ N. orthannen “raised” ✧ PE22/31
> ON. rōna “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ
- > N. rhûn “east, eastern; †rising” ✧ Ety/RŌ
  - ⇒ N. amrûn “uprising, sunrise, Orient, east” ✧ Ety/RŌ; PE22/35
  - ⇒ N. Elrûn “*East-star” ✧ Ety/RŌ
  - ⇒ N. Rhûnaer “Eastern Sea” ✧ TI/307

ᴱ√ORO¹ root. “steepness, rising”

See √RŌ/ORO for discussion.

References ✧ GL/66; LT1A/Kalormë, Oromë, Orossi, Tavrobel; QL/70, 80

Glosses

“rise” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë
“steepness, rising” ✧ LT1A/Oromë

Variations

ORO ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; LT1A/Oromë; LT1A/Orossi; QL/70; QL/80
rō-/oro- ✧ GL/66
rō/oro ✧ LT1A/Tavrobel

ORO “steepness, rising” is distinct from but much confused with ORO² ✧ LT1A/Oromë
OŘO is distinct from but much confused with ORO¹ ✧ QL/70
RŌ extensions of ORO¹ ✧ QL/80

Derivatives

> ᴱN. orost “?rising”
> ‽ᴱ✶orotse “impetus, speed, haste, rash courage”
- > ᴱN. oroth “impetus, speed, haste, rash courage” ✧ PE13/151
- > ᴱQ. orosta² “impetus, speed, haste, rash courage” ✧ PE13/151
> ᴱQ. or “on; above, upon” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
> ᴱQ. orikon “heather” ✧ QL/70
> ᴱQ. orme¹ “summit, crest, hilltop” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
- ⇒ ᴱQ. Kalorme “Hill Crest over which the Sun Rises” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë
> ᴱQ. ormin “top”
> ᴱQ. oro “hill” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
- ⇒ ᴱQ. Angoronti “Mountains of Iron”
- ⇒ ᴱQ. I Oros Valinoriva “*Mountains of Valinor” ✧ LT1/85
> ᴱQ. oro- “to rise” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
> ᴱQ. oronta “steep” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
> ᴱQ. Orossi “Fays of the Mountains” ✧ LT1A/Orossi
> ᴱQ. orosta¹ “ascension” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
> ᴱQ. orta “above” ✧ QL/70
> ᴱQ. orto- “to raise” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë; QL/70
> ᴱQ. orwa “lofty” ✧ QL/70
- ⇒ ᴱQ. ordie “height, loftiness” ✧ QL/70
> ᴱQ. oryat “badger” ✧ QL/70
> G. or “(av.) on, on top; (prep.) on, onto” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë
> G. or- “on, onto, up, in addition to”
> G. orm “hill top, summit” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë
> G. orod “mountain” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë
- ⇒ G. Angorodin “Iron Mountains” ✧ LT2A/Angorodin
- ⇒ G. Heborodin “Encircling Hills” ✧ LT2A/Heborodin
> G. oros “rising” ✧ LT1A/Kalormë
- ⇒ G. orosaura “sunrise” ✧ GL/62
> G. ortha “upper”
> G. orthi “up”
> G. ront “high, steep” ✧ GL/66; LT1A/Tavrobel
> G. rost “slope, hill side, ascent” ✧ GL/66; LT1A/Tavrobel
- ⇒ G. am(b)ros(t) “dawn” ✧ GL/19
- ⇒ G. Tavrost “Haywood” ✧ LT1A/Tavrobel
> G. rosta “ascent, uprising, rising” ✧ GL/66; LT1A/Tavrobel
- ⇒ G. Rost’aura “Sunrise” ✧ GL/66; LT1A/Tavrobel