Middle Quenya Semantic Categories

1. Physical World

1.11 World

Ambar n. “Earth, World”

1.12 Universe

Ea n. “all that is, the World”
ilu n. “universe, world”
ilúva adj. “universal”
ilúve n. “universe, world; Heaven”

1.21 Earth, Land

kemna adj. “of earth, earthen”

1.212 Ground, Soil

hún (hun-) n. “earth”
kemen n. “soil, earth; Great Lands”
palúre n. “surface, bosom, bosom of Earth, (Old English) folde”

1.213 Dust, Powder

asto¹ n. “dust”
mulo (mulu-) n. “dust”

1.214 Mud, Mire

makso n. “sticky substance, mire”

1.215 Sand, Grit

erume n. “desert”
litse n. “sand”
mál n. “grit”

1.22 Hill, Mountain

ambo n. “hill”
nóla¹ n. “round head, knoll, round hilltop; summit”
oron (oront-) n. “mountain”
taras (tarass-) n. “mount, hill”
tundo¹ (tundu-) n. “hill, mound”

1.221 Peak, Summit

aikale n. “peak”
aikasse n. “mountain peak”
antaro n. “high mountain, peak”
mintye n. “peak”
orto n. “mountain-top”

1.222 Slope, Cliff

am(ba)penda adj. “uphill”
ambon n. “upward slope, hill-side”
ampende n. “upward slope”
penda adj. “sloping down, inclined”
pende n. “slope, downslope, declivity”
talta² n. “incline”

1.223 Mound, Pile

hahta n. “heap, pile, (piled) mound”
kumbe n. “mound, heap”
luppo (luppu-) n. “clumsy piece or lump”
tumpo n. “hump, lump”

1.23 Plain, Field

landa² n. “plain”
nanda n. “water-mead, watered plain”
palar n. “flat field, ‘wang’, plain”

1.24 Dale, Valley

imbe² n. “dell, deep vale, ravine, glen”
latimbe n. “glen”
tumbo (tumbu-) n. “deep valley (under or among hills, with high sides)”

1.241 Ravine, Pass

aksa n. “ravine, narrow path; edge”
kilya n. “cleft, pass between hills, gorge; chasm”
yáwe n. “ravine, cleft, gully”

1.25 Isle, Island

lóna¹ n. “island, remote land difficult to reach”
tol (toll-) n. “island”

1.27 Shore, Beach

falasse n. “beach”
fára n. “beach, shore”

1.31 Water

nén (nen-) n. “water”

1.32 Sea

aire n. “sea”
airen n. “sea”
ear n. “(open) sea; water”
earen n. “sea”
vea² n. “sea”

1.33 Lake, Pond

ailin n. “pool, lake”
linde² n. “pool”
linya n. “pool”
nende n. “pool”
ringwe n. “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”

1.34 Gulf, Bay

hópa n. “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”

1.35 Wave, Surge

falma n. “(crested) wave”
solor n. “surf”

1.351 Foam, Froth

falle n. “foam”
winge n. “foam, crest of wave, crest”

1.36 Brook, Stream, River

etsir n. “mouth of a river”
kelma n. “channel”
kelume n. “stream, flow”
kelut n. “rivulet”
nelle n. “brook”
ráva² n. “bank (especially of a river)”
síre (síri-) n. “river”
siril n. “rivulet”

1.37 Spring, Well

ehtele n. “spring, issue of water”
ehtelu- v. “to well, bubble up”
kelulinde (kelulindi-) n. “spring”
kelure n. “fountain”

1.38 Whirlpool

hwinde n. “eddy, whirlpool”

1.41 Woods, Forest

taure n. “great wood, forest”

1.43 Wood, Timber

runda n. “rough piece of wood”
taurina adj. “of wood”
tavar n. “wood (material)”
toina adj. “[unglossed]”

1.44 Rock, Stone

ondo n. “stone (as a material)”
sar (sard-) n. “stone (small)”
sarna adj. “of stone”
sarne n. “stony place”
#tinga n. “*flint”

1.46 Cave

felya n. “cave”
rondo n. “roof; cave, cavern”
rotto n. “cave, tunnel”

1.51 Sky, Heavens

helle¹ n. “sky”
menel n. “the heavens, firmament, sky”

1.52 Sun

Anar (Anár-) n. “Sun”

1.53 Moon

Isil [þ] n. “Moon, (lit.) Sheen”
Rana n. “Moon, (lit.) Wayward”

1.54 Star

†él n. “star”
elen n. “star”
tingilya n. “twinkling star”
tinwe n. “spark (star)”

1.542 Starlight

éle n. “star-ray, beam, flashing of [?starry] light”
silme n. “moonlight, light of Silpion, †silver”

1.55 Flash, Lightning

tinda adj. “glinting (silver)”
tinde n. “glint”

1.56 Noise, Thunder

indyalme n. “clamour”

1.61 Light

alka n. “ray of light”
kala n. “light”
kalina adj. “light”
kalya- v. “to illuminate”

1.62 Darkness

nur- v. “to grow/be dark”
ungwe n. “gloom”

1.622 Dark, Murky

lóna² adj. “dark”
móre (móri-) n. “blackness, dark, night”
morna adj. “gloomy, sombre”

1.63 Shade, Shadow

halda¹ adj. “veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”
huine n. “deep shadow, nightshade”
laime n. “shadow (cast by an object or form), shade”
laira adj. “shady”
leo n. “shade, shadow cast by any object”
lumbe n. “gloom, shadow”

1.71 Air, Ether

vista n. “air as substance”
wilma n. “inner or lower air”

1.72 Wind

vaiwa n. “wind”

1.723 Breeze

hwesta n. “breeze, breath, puff of air”

1.73 Cloud, Mirk

fána adj. and n. “cloud; white”
ungo n. “cloud, dark shadow”

1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze

híse (hísi-) [þ] n. “mist, fog”
hiswe [þ] n. “fog”

1.75 Rain

kelya- v. “to rain; (lit.) to send running down”
miste n. “fine rain”
rosse n. “fine rain, dew”

1.752 Rainbow

helyanwe n. “rainbow, (lit.) sky-bridge”

1.76 Snow

nieninqe n. “snowdrop, (lit.) white tear”
niqe n. “snow”
†olos(se) n. “snow, fallen snow”

1.77 Ice, Frost

helen (helem-) n. “icicle”
helke n. “ice”
helkelimbe n. “*icicle, (lit.) ice-drop”
helle² n. “frost”
helor n. “frost”

1.81 Fire

úr n. “fire, heat”
uruite adj. “fiery”
úruva adj. “fiery”

1.82 Flame

kulo n. “flame”
nár(e) n. “flame”

1.83 Smoke

usqe n. “reek; dusk, twilight”

1.85 to Burn, Scorch

urya- v. “to blaze”
yul- v. “to smoulder”

1.86 to Light, Kindle

kalta- v. “to (cause to) shine, light up, kindle (lamp etc.)”
narta- v. “to kindle”
tinta- v. “to kindle, make to spark”

1.87 Match, Fire Stick

yúla n. “ember, smouldering wood”
yulma n. “brand”

1.99 Physical World (other)

karakse n. “jagged hedge of spikes”

2. Mankind

2.1 Human Being

Atan n. “Man”
enno n. “person, *being”
fire n. “mortal man”
firya adj. “human”
-we² suf. “abstract suffix”

2.21 Man

nér (ner-) n. “man, adult male (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)”
veaner¹ n. “(adult) man”
†veo n. “man”
†wé n. “man, warrior”

2.22 Woman

†ní n. “woman, female”
nis (niss-) n. “woman (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)”

2.23 Male

hanu n. “male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal”
hanuvoite adj. “*masculine”
hanwa adj. “male”
neríte adj. “manly”
-no suf. “male”
noa³ n. and adj. “male (of any kind)”
noite adj. “male, masculine”
noito n. “male (of any kind)”
-on¹ suf. “masculine suffix”
vie n. “manhood, vigour”
-we¹ suf. “masculine suffix”
yonda adj. “manly, masculine”

2.24 Female

ennie n. “person (female), *being (female)”
inimeite adj. “*feminine”
inya¹ adj. “female”
-nie suf. “female”
#niríte adj. “womanly”
rea n. and adj. “female (of any kind)”
ríte¹ adj. “female, fem[inine]”
ríte² n. “female (of any kind)”
wenda adj. “female”

2.25 Boy

seldo n. “child”

2.26 Girl

vende [w] n. “maiden, maid”
véne n. “girl”
venesse n. “virginity”

2.27 Child

aran² (arn-) n. “child”
selda n. and adj. “child [n.]”

2.28 Infant

lapse n. “babe”
tet(ta) n. “baby”

2.31 Husband

ender n. “bridegroom”
venno n. “husband”
veru¹ n. “husband”

2.32 Wife

vesse n. “wife”

2.321 Bride

indis (indiss-) n. “bride”

2.33 to Wed, Marry

vesta-¹ v. “to wed”

2.34 Wedding, Marriage

vesta¹ n. “matrimony”
vestale n. “wedding”

2.341 Married Couple

veru² coll. “husband and wife, married pair”

2.35 Father

atar n. “father”
atto n. “father (hypocoristic)”

2.36 Mother

amil n. “mother”
amme n. “mother”

2.37 Parent

ontare n. “begetter, parent (f.)”
ontaro n. “begetter, parent”

2.41 Son

-ion suf. “-son”
yondo n. “son”

2.42 Daughter

-iel¹ suf. “daughter”
-ien¹ suf. “daughter”
selde n. “child [f.]”
yelde n. “daughter”
yen(de) n. “daughter”

2.44 Brother

otornasse n. “brotherhood”
otorno n. “sworn brother, associate [m.]”
toron (torn-) n. “brother”

2.45 Sister

oselle [þ] n. “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
seler (sell-) [þ] n. “sister”

2.48 Grandson

indyo n. “grandchild, descendant, grandson”

2.57 Descendant

ontale n. “descent”

2.81 Relative

onóne n. “kinswoman; sister”
onóro n. “kinsman; brother”

3. Animals

3.11 Animal

laman (lamn-) n. “tame beast”
nasto n. “animal, beast”
onna n. “creature”

3.36 Goat

yat² (yak-) n. “goat”

3.41 Horse (generic)

olombo n. “horse”
rokko n. “(swift) horse”

3.56 Goose

ván n. “goose”

3.61 Dog

huan (hún-) n. “hound”
huo n. “dog”
ronyo n. “‘chaser’, hound of chase, *hunting dog”

3.62 Cat

miue (miuy-) n. “cat”
miule n. “whining, mewing”
titse (tits-) n. “kitten”

3.63 Mouse, Rodent

nyarro n. “rat”

3.64 Bird

aiwe n. “(small) bird”
oio (oiw-) n. “bird”

3.641 Eagle, Hawk

fion (fiond-) n. “?hawk or haste”
haro n. “hawk”
soron (sorn-) [þ] n. “eagle”

3.642 Crow, Raven

korko n. “crow”

3.647 Gull, Petrel

maiwe n. “gull”
qéne n. “petrel”

3.648 Swan

alqa n. “swan”

3.649 Bird (other)

ambale n. “yellow bird, yellow hammer”
filinke n. “*finch”
filit (filik-) n. “small bird, sparrow”
halatir(no) (halatirn-) n. “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher”
kukua n. “dove”
liri n. “finch”
lómelinde n. “nightingale”
morilinde n. “nightingale”
tambaro n. “woodpecker, (lit.) knocker”
tuilindo n. “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”

3.65 Fish

hala n. “(small) fish”
lingwe (lingwi-) n. “fish”
nikse n. “minnow, little fish”

3.71 Wolf

harma² n. “wolf, hound”
hu n. “howl”
húna- v. “to howl”
narmo [ñ-] n. “wolf”
naule [ñ-] n. “wolfhowl”
nauro [ñ-] n. “werewolf”
ráka n. “wolf”

3.72 Lion

rá (ráv-) n. “lion”

3.73 Bear

morko n. “bear”

3.77 Elephant

andamunda n. “elephant”

3.79 to Hunt

fafarra- v. “*to keep on hunting”
fara- v. “to hunt”
farale n. “hunting”
faraste n. “hunting, the chase”
farastea adj. “of the chase (that it is proper to hunt), *of prey”
farina adj. “fugitive, hunted”
farna n. “quarry, prey”
roime n. “hunt, hunting”

3.81 Insect

wilwarin (wilwarind-) n. “butterfly”

3.811 Spider

filet (filek-) n. “cobweb”
liante n. “spider”
líne n. “cobweb”

3.83 Fly (n)

kamparu n. “?flea”
mí n. “small fly”
pupso n. “blow fly”
†tsette n. “fly”

3.85 Snake

ango (angu-) n. “snake, dragon”
lingwilóke n. “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”
lóke (lóki-) n. “dragon”

3.99 Animals (other)

lopo n. “rabbit”
lopotundo (lopotundu-) n. “rabbithole”

4. Body Parts and Functions

4.12 Skin, Hide

halma n. “skin, fell”
helma n. “skin, fell”
†psára n. “peel”

4.14 Hair

lokse n. “hair”

4.142 Beard

fanga n. “beard”

4.143 Hair (other)

fasse n. “tangled hair, shaggy lock”
fasta-¹ v. “to tangle”
finde n. “tress, braid of hair”

4.15 Blood

yár (yar-) n. “blood”

4.16 Bone

#asto² (astu-) n. “bone”
astula adj. “bony”

4.17 Horn (animal)

hyalma n. “conch, shell, horn of Ulmo”
rasse n. “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
tarka n. “horn [of animals]”

4.20 Head

kár (kas-) n. “head”
kas¹ n. “head”

4.204 Face

anta n. “face”

4.207 Jaw

anka n. “jaw, row of teeth”
nangwa n. “jaw”

4.21 Eye

hen (hend-) n. “eye”
yé² n. “eye”

4.213 Evileyed

henulca adj. “*evil-eyed”

4.22 Ear

lár n. “ear”

4.23 Nose

mundo (mundu-) n. “snout, nose; cape [of land]”
nengwe (nengwi-) n. “nose”
nengwea adj. “nasal”
nin (ning-) n. “nose, beak”

4.24 Mouth

anto¹ n. “mouth”
pé n. “mouth”

4.26 Tongue

lamba¹ n. “tongue”

4.27 Tooth

karka n. “tooth”
karkane n. “row of teeth”
nelet (nelk-) n. “tooth”

4.28 Neck

lango² n. “throat”
yat¹ (yaht-) n. “neck”
yatta n. “narrow neck, isthmus”

4.29 Throat

lanko n. “throat”

4.31 Arm

ranko (ranku-) n. “arm”

4.33 Hand

kambe n. “hollow (of hand)”
má¹ n. “hand”
qár(e) n. “fist, hand”

4.332 Hand (other)

morimaite adj. “*black-handed”

4.34 Finger

lepse n. “finger”
#lepta suf. “*fingered”
let (leps-) n. “finger”

4.35 Leg

kiuka n. “thigh”
noa² n. “thigh”
pelko n. “leg”
qingatelko adj. “*bow-legged”
telko n. “leg, stem”
tiuko n. “thigh”
tyúka n. “thigh”

4.37 Foot

runya n. “slot, footprint”
tál (tal-) n. “foot; bottom”
tallune n. “sole of foot”

4.39 Nail, Claw

#rakka n. “*claw”
rakkalepta adj. “*claw-fingered”

4.392 Wing

ráma n. “wing”

4.393 Feather

lúpe n. “plume”
pilen n. “feather”
qesse n. “feather”

4.40 Front of Chest

ambor n. “breast”

4.44 Heart

hón (hom-) n. “heart (physical)”
#hondo adj. “*hearted”
tingahondo adj. “flint-hearted”

4.46 Belly, Stomach

#kumba adj. “*bellied”
saurikumba [þ] adj. “*foul-bellied”

4.51 to Breathe; Breath

súle [þ] n. “breath; spirit”
súya- [þ] v. “to breathe”

4.52 to Gape, Yawn

yanga- v. “to yawn”

4.56 to Spit

pis- [þ] v. “to spit”
piuta- v. “to spit”

4.58 to Bite

nahta¹ n. “bite”
nak-² v. “to bite”

4.59 to Lick

lapsa- v. “to lick (frequentative)”
lapsa n. “licking up (food or drink), gluttonous eating”
lav-¹ v. “to lick”
salpa- v. “to lick up, sup, sip”
sulpa- v. “to lap up, drink greedily”

4.61 to Sleep; Sleep

#lor- v. “to sleep”
lóre n. “slumber”
lorna adj. “asleep”

4.62 Dream

olar n. “dream”
olor n. “dream”

4.63 to Wake

ekkoita- v. “to awake”
kuivea adj. “wakening”
kuivie n. “awakening”

4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse

yére n. “*sexual desire”

4.71 to Beget (of Father)

onta- v. “to beget, create”

4.74 to Live; Living; Life

(ek)koiru- v. “to come to life”
koita- v. “to live, be alive, have life”
kuile n. “life, being alive”
kuina adj. “alive”

4.742 Immortal

#alfírima adj. “immortal”
Alfírimo n. “Immortal”
ilfirin adj. “immortal”

4.75 to Die; Dead; Death

faire² n. “natural death (as act)”
fírima adj. “mortal”
fírimáre n. “mortality, the state of being mortal”
firin adj. “dead (by natural cause)”
nuru [ñ-] n. “death”
qalin adj. “dead”
qalme n. “(process of) death, (death) agony”
#qel- v. “†to fail”
#qelie n. “*fading”

4.76 to Kill

nahta- v. “to slay”
nak-¹ v. “to kill, slay; to hate”

4.77 Corpse, Body

qelet (qelett-) n. “corpse”

4.79 Grave, Tomb

lára² n. “grave”

4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful

polda adj. “strong, burly”
poldore n. “*physical strength”
poldórea adj. “strong, strong-bodied”
taura adj. “mighty”
tuo n. “muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength”
turya- v. “to strengthen”
turyande n. “fortification, strengthening”
turyanwa adj. “fortified”
veasse n. “vigour”

4.83 Well; Health

al- v. “to thrive”

4.84 Sick; Sickness

engwa¹ adj. “sickly”
kaila adj. “lying in bed, bedridden; sickness”
kaimasse n. “lying in bed, sickness”
kaimassea adj. “bedridden, sick”
laiwa adj. “sickly, sick, ill”
líve n. “sickness”
qáme n. “sickness”

4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded

harna- v. “to wound”
harna¹ adj. “wounded”
harwe² n. “wound”
nirwa² adj. “scarred”
nirwe n. “scar”

4.86 to Cure, Heal

venya- v. “to heal”

4.88 Medicine, Drug

asea [þ] n. “*healing herb”
asea aranaite [þ] n. “*kingsfoil”

4.89 Poison

sangwa n. “poison”

4.91 Tired, Weary

lumba adj. “weary”

4.99 Naked, Bare

halla² adj. “naked”
helda¹ adj. “naked, stripped bare”

5. Food and Drink

5.11 to Eat

mammata- v. “to gobble up, devour, gorge”
mat- v. “to eat”
#matie n. “eating”
mattima adj. “edible”

5.13 to Drink

suhto n. “draught”
suk- v. “to drink”

5.151 Thirsty

fauka adj. “thirsty, parched, (lit.) open-mouthed”

5.24 to Bake

masta- v. “to bake”

5.26 Pot

kalpa n. “water-vessel, bucket”
tambe (tambi-) n. “pot”

5.35 Cup

súlo (*súlu-) n. “goblet”
sungwa n. “drinking-vessel”

5.41 a Meal

mat (matt-) n. “food, meal”

5.45 Supper

ahtumat n. “supper”

5.51 Bread

masta n. “bread”

5.53 Dough

makse¹ n. “dough”

5.55 Meal, Flour

pole (poli-) n. “meal, flour”
pore (pori-) n. “flour, meal”

5.61 Meat

apsa¹ n. “meat, cooked food”
makse² n. “meat”

5.614 Fat, Grease

lar n. “fat, riches [richness?]”
lárea adj. “fat, rich”
larma n. “(?pig-)fat, flesh”

5.71 Fruit

kuluma n. “orange [fruit]”
yáve n. “fruit”

5.84 Honey

lis (liss-) n. “honey”
nehte n. “honeycomb”

5.92 Wine

limpe n. “wine, drink of the Valar”

5.94 Juice

apsa² n. “juice”
pirya n. “juice, syrup”
pite n. “juice”
sáva n. “juice”

6. Clothing and Adornment

6.21 Cloth

lanne n. “tissue, cloth”
talat n. “sheet”

6.22 Wool

tó n. “wool”
toa adj. “of wool, woollen”

6.29 Leather

latta² n. “strap”

6.31 to Spin

hwinya- v. “to swirl, eddy, gyrate”

6.33 to Weave

lanat n. “weft”
lanya- v. “to weave”

6.34 Loom

lanwa n. “loom”

6.38 Thread

lia² n. “fine thread, spider filament”

6.51 Shoe

hyapat n. “shoe”

6.55 Hat, Cap

ríe n. “crown”
rína adj. “crowned”

6.63 Pin, Brooch

tangwa n. “hasp, clasp”
tankil n. “brooch, clasp, pin; fastener”

6.72 Gem, Jewel

míre n. “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
miril (mirill-) n. “shining jewel”

6.73 Finger Ring

kolma n. “ring (?on finger)”

6.94 Ointment

laive n. “ointment”

6.95 Soap

lipsa n. “soap”

6.999 Adornment (other)

atsa² n. “tassel, fryse, fringe”
fas (fass-) n. “fringe, border”

7. Dwelling and Furniture

7.11 to Live, Dwell

har- v. “to dwell, abide, reside; to sit”
mar- v. “to abide”

7.12 House

kar¹ (kard-) n. “building, house”

7.122 Home

mar (mar(d)-) n. “home, dwelling, house, habitation; earth”
mar(dar) adv. “homewards”
marre adv. “at home”
marta² adv. “home”

7.21 Room

kaimasan (kaimasamb-) [þ] n. “bedchamber”
sambe [þ] n. “room, chamber”

7.22 Door, Gate

ando n. “gate, door”
andon (andond-) n. “great gate”
fenda n. “threshold”

7.26 Floor

talan (talam-) n. “floor, ground”

7.27 Wall

ramba¹ n. “wall”

7.28 Roof

koromindo n. “cupola, dome”
telume n. “vault, dome (of heaven)”
telumet (telumett-) n. “canopy”
tópa n. “roof”
tópa- v. “to roof”
tupse n. “thatch”

7.29 House (other)

ampano n. “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice”
ataqe n. “construction, building”

7.412 Furniture (other)

farma n. “?carpet”

7.42 Bed

kaima n. “bed”
nirwa n. “bolster, cushion”
qesset (*qessek-) n. “pillow”

7.43 Chair

hamma n. “chair”
handa² n. “chair”

7.45 Lamp

kalma n. “light, lamp”
kalumet (kalumett-) n. “lamp”

8. Agriculture and Vegetation

8.12 Field for Cultivation

peler n. “fenced field”
resta n. “‘sown’, sown field, acre”

8.31 to Sow; Seed

erde¹ n. “seed, germ”
#rer- v. “to sow”

8.33 Scythe, Sickle

kirka n. “sickle”

8.51 Grass

liske n. “reed”
rí n. “reed, grass-stem”
salqe n. “grass”
sara [þ] n. “stiff dry grass, bent”

8.54 Root

sulka n. “root (especially as edible)”
turut (turuk-) n. “tree-stem”

8.55 Branch

olwa n. “branch”

8.56 Leaf

farne n. “foliage”
lasse n. “leaf”
lassekanta adj. “leaf-shaped”

8.565 Thorn

ekko n. “spine, thorn, point”
erka n. “prickle, spine”

8.57 Flower

lilótime adj. “*many-flowered”
losse n. “(white) blossom, flower”
lóte n. “(large single) flower”

8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom

tuia- v. “to sprout, spring”
tuilu- v. “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
tuima n. “sprout, bud”

8.58 Rose

maire n. “*rose”

8.599 Flower (other)

#lavar n. “*(golden) blossom”
malo¹ (malu-) n. “pollen, yellow powder”
nil (nild-) n. “blue-bell, harebell”

8.60 Tree (generic)

alda n. “tree”
aldarwa adj. “having trees, tree-grown”
orne n. “(high isolated) tree”

8.61 Oak

lindornea adj. “having many oaks”
#nornea adj. “*of oak”
norno n. “oak”

8.62 Beech

feren (fern-) n. “beech-tree”
ferinya adj. “beechen”

8.635 Elm

alalme n. “elm-tree”

8.64 Pine

fine n. “larch”

8.655 Tree (other)

lavaralda n. “tree with long green leaves with golden undersides and pale flowers with a yellow flush”
lintyulussea adj. “having many poplars”
tasar(e) [þ] n. “willow-tree”
tyulusse n. “poplar-tree”

8.66 Acorn

ferna n. “mast, beechnuts”

8.67 Vine

uile n. “long trailing plant”

8.99 Vegetation (other)

arat (arak-) n. “weed”
earuile n. “seaweed”
erkasse n. “holly”
erke n. “holly”
hwan (hwand-) n. “sponge, fungus”
tussa n. “bush”

9. Physical Acts and Materials

9.11 to Do, Make

alkárima adj. “impossible to make”
kakarra- v. “to keep on doing”
kar- v. “to do, make, build”
karie n. “making”
kárima adj. “able to be made, feasible”

9.112 Doer, Agent

-ando suf. “agent (male)”
káro n. “doer, actor, agent”
#-mo suf. “agental suffix”
#-ndo suf. “*agent (male)”
#-ro suf. “agental suffix”
tyaro n. “doer, actor, agent”

9.114 Action

kar² (kard-) n. “deed”

9.12 Work, Labor

mólome n. “hard work, burden”

9.13 to Work, Toil

móta- v. “to labour, toil”

9.14 to Bend

kukumba- v. “to nod repeatedly, (lit.) keep on bowing”
kuv- v. “to bow”

9.16 to Bind

#nut- v. “to tie”

9.17 Bond

aman n. “bond”
núte n. “bond, knot”

9.192 Knot

narda n. “knot”

9.21 to Hit, Strike, Beat

lah- v. “to kick”
palka- v. “to beat flat”
palpa- v. “to beat, batter; *to clap, applaud (with palms)”
tam- v. “to tap”
tamba- v. “to knock, keep on knocking”
ton- v. “to tap, knock”

9.22 to Cut

rista n. “cut”
rista- v. “to cut”

9.23 Knife (tool)

sikil n. “dagger, knife”

9.26 to Break

#askat- v. “to rend, break asunder”
hat-¹ v. “to break asunder”
terhat- v. “to break apart”

9.27 to Split

hyar- v. “to cleave”
hyatse n. “cleft, gash”
kirisse n. “slash, gash”
sanka [þ] adj. “cleft, split”

9.28 to Tear

naraka adj. “harsh, rending, violent of (?sounds)”
narka- v. “to rend”

9.31 to Rub

†psar- v. “to rub, fret”
sapsarra- v. “to keep on rubbing, fray away”

9.32 to Stretch

taile n. “lengthening, extension”
#taima n. “extension”
taina adj. “lengthened, extended, prolonged”
taita- v. “to prolong”

9.33 to Draw, Pull

rihta- v. “to jerk, give quick twist or move, twitch”
rinka n. “twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move”
tuk- v. “to draw, *pull (toward)”

9.34 to Strew, Spread Out

kapta- v. “to make spring, scatter”

9.342 to Press

sanga- [þ] v. “*to press”
sanguma [þ] n. “press, *thing that presses”

9.35 to Pour

kalpa- v. “to draw water, scoop out, bale out”
úlea adj. “pouring, flooding, flowing”
ululla- v. “to keep on pouring”
ulya- v. “to pour, flow”

9.41 Craft, Trade

karaite (karaiti-) adj. “able to make, handy, crafty, craftsmanlike, skilled”
kurwe n. “craft”

9.413 Horn, Trumpet

hyóla n. “trump”
róma n. “loud sound, trumpet-sound”
romba n. “horn, trumpet”

9.42 Artisan, Craftsman

ahto n. “wright, maker”
karno n. “wright”
†karnóze n. “wright [f.]”

9.422 Tool

sorasta n. “equipment”

9.423 to Use

mahta- v. “to handle, wield; to deal with, treat; to stroke, feel; to wield a weapon, fight”

9.43 Carpenter

samno [þ] n. “carpenter, wright, builder”

9.44 to Build

#ampana- v. “to build”
ampanóta- v. “to build, construct, erect a (large) building”
ampanotalea adj. “architectural”
ampanotaste n. “architecture”
karaste n. “making, manufacture, construction”
tanwe n. “craft, thing made, device, construction”

9.455 to Poke, Prick, Stab

ehta- v. “to stab”
erka- v. “to prick”
nasta- v. “to prick, sting”

9.49 Hammer

namba n. “hammer”
namba- v. “to hammer”

9.50 Nail, Peg

takse n. “nail”

9.51 Beam

andul n. “long pole”
hana n. “post”
ran (ramb-) n. “beam of wood”
samna¹ [þ] n. “wooden post”

9.52 Board

pano n. “piece of shaped wood”

9.54 Brick

ambal n. “shaped stone, flag [stone]”

9.60 Smith

tano n. “craftsman, smith”

9.635 Metal

rauta n. “metal”
tinko n. “metal”

9.64 Gold

kulu n. “gold (metal)”
laure n. “gold”
laurea adj. “*golden”
malta n. “gold (as metal)”

9.65 Silver

telemna adj. “*of silver”
telepsa adj. “of silver”
telpe n. “silver”
telpina adj. “of silver”

9.67 Iron

anga n. “iron”
angaina adj. “of iron”
malo² (malu-) n. “rust”

9.71 Potter

kemnaro n. “potter”
kentano n. “potter”

9.74 Glass

hyelle n. “glass”
maril n. “glass, crystal”

9.76 Basket

kapsa n. “case, vessel”

9.90 Thing

nat n. “thing, object”
tama pron. “thing”

9.91 Be

ea- v. “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world”
easte n. “being, essence”
ére n. “existing, existence”
ná- v. “to be”
ye- v. “to be”
yeste n. “being, existence”

9.92 Become

ol- v. “to become”

9.93 Need, Necessity

maure n. “need”

9.95 Can, May

-ima suf. “able to be done, -able, -ible”
-ite suf. “(verbal) adjective ending”
#kav- v. “to be able”
valya- v. “can”

9.992 Way, Manner

santa n. “mode”

9.993 to Happen

lár- v. “to happen”
tulma n. “event”

10. Motion and Transportation

10.13 to Turn Around

nuqerna adj. “inverted”
peltas (peltaks-) n. “pivot”

10.14 to Wind, Wrap

natse n. “web, net”
vaita- v. “to enfold”
vai(y)a n. “envelope”

10.21 to Rise

ef- v. “to emerge (especially from water)”
khus- v. “to come up, emerge”
óre n. “rising”
ororia- v. “to keep on rising (and falling)”
orro- v. “to rise (from ground)”
orta-² v. “to rise”
orya- v. “to rise”

10.22 to Lift, Raise

orta-¹ v. “to raise, lift”
ortalima adj. “able to be raised”
ortare n. “lifting up”

10.225 to Hang, Dangle

linga-¹ v. “to hang, dangle”

10.23 to Fall

atalta- v. “to collapse, fall in, fall down, slip down in ruin”
ataltare n. “collapse”
lanta n. “fall”
lanta- v. “to fall”
núta- v. “to set, sink (of Sun or Moon)”
talta- v. “to slope, slip (down), slide down, fall”
unda- v. “to sink”
unta- v. “to come down, descend”

10.24 to Drop

limba n. “drop”

10.25 to Throw

hat-² v. “through[?] down[?]”
#rip- v. “to hurl”

10.32 to Flow

kelu- v. “to (begin to) flow, spring forth (of water)”
keluste n. “outflow”
sir- v. “to flow”
sirea adj. “flowing, liquid”
sirya- v. “to flow [smoothly]”
ulunde n. “flood”

10.33 to Sink

sumba- v. “to submerge”
#suv- v. “to sink (esp. in water)”
tumba- v. “to cast down (into a pit[?])”

10.36 to Sail

kiryasta- v. “to sail”

10.37 to Fly

vil- [w] v. “to fly”

10.38 to Blow

hwesta- v. “to puff”

10.41 to Creep, Crawl

hlik- v. “to creep”

10.43 to Jump, Leap

kap- v. “to leap”

10.44 to Dance

lilta- v. “to dance”

10.45 to Walk

vanta n. “walk”
vanta- v. “to walk”

10.46 to Run

rohta- v. “?to run on foot”

10.47 to Go

lenna- v. “to go, depart; to come”
lesto (lestu-) n. “journey”
mena- v. “to be making for, be on way to”

10.48 to Come

#ettul- v. “*to come forth, come out, issue”
tul- v. “to come”
túlima adj. “*able to come”
tutulla- v. “to keep on coming (and going)”

10.49 to Depart, Go Away

apsa- v. “to go away”
auta-¹ v. “to go away”
lesta- v. “to leave”
vanwa adj. “gone (for good), departed, vanished, lost, past, over, dead”
vanya- v. “to go, depart, disappear”

10.50 to Fade

*fir- v. “*to fade”
qelesta n. “dying, fading”
sinta- [þ] v. “to fade, *(lit.) become grey”
vinda- v. “to fade”

10.52 to Follow

hilya- v. “to follow”
neuro n. “follower, successor”

10.53 to Pursue

alfárima adj. “impossible to pursue”
roita- v. “to pursue”

10.54 to Overtake

neuma n. “snare”

10.55 to Reach, Arrive

tuluste n. “arrival”

10.57 to Enter

mitta- v. “to insert; to come in”
ter prep. “through”

10.63 to Send

tulta- v. “to send for, fetch, summon, send hither, (lit.) cause to come”

10.645 to Wander, Stray

mista- v. “to stray about”
ráne n. “straying, wandering”
ránen adj. “errant”
ranya- v. “to stray, *wander”

10.72 Path

ranta n. “course”
tie n. “path, course, line, direction, way”

10.73 Street

malle n. “street, (made or stone) road”

10.74 Bridge

yanta¹ n. “bridge”
yanwe n. “bridge, joining, isthmus”

10.78 Yoke

yanta² n. “yoke”

10.81 Ship

kirya n. “ship, boat”
kiryahto n. “shipwright”

10.82 Sailor

†vainar n. “sailor”
veaner² (veanér-) n. “sailor”

10.83 Boat

lunte n. “boat”

10.87 Mast

tyulma n. “mast”

10.90 Port, Harbor

hopasse n. “harbourage”
londe n. “road (in sea), fairway, entrance to harbour; gulf”

11. Possession and Trade

11.12 to Own, Possess

arwa adj. and suf. “possessing, having, in control of”
harya- v. “to possess”

11.13 to Take

ruk- v. “to pluck”

11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

mapa- v. “to grasp, seize”
raf- v. “to snatch, seize”

11.16 to Get, Obtain

tuvu- v. “to take”

11.21 to Give

anna n. “gift”
anta- v. “to give”
ante n. “giver (f.)”
anto² n. “giver (m.)”

11.22 to Return, Give Back

attul- v. “to come back, return”

11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe

varile n. “protection”
varna adj. “safe, protected, secure”
varnasse n. “security”
varya- v. “to protect”

11.25 to Save, Rescue

#sáro [þ] n. “saviour”

11.27 to Destroy

nwara- [ñ-] v. “to gnaw, erode, wear away”

11.28 to Harm, Injure, Damage

sak- v. “to hurt”

11.32 to Find

hir- v. “to find”
kim- v. “to find”
#tuv- v. “to find”

11.33 to Lose

rov- v. “to lose”

11.34 to Release

lehta- v. “to loose, slacken”

11.42 Wealth, Riches

heren n. “fortune, (lit.) governance”

11.46 Treasure

harma¹ n. “treasure, treasured thing”
harwe¹ n. “treasure, treasury”

11.48 Heir

aryon n. “heir”
#hilde (hildi-) n. “heir”

11.51 Rich

alya adj. “rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed”
herenya adj. “fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich”

11.64 Debt

nauta adj. “bound, obliged”

11.66 Account, Reckoning

onot- v. “to count up”

11.67 Surety, Security

ovesta n. “contract, compact, treaty”
vesta² n. “contract”

11.83 to Trade

manka- v. “to trade”
mankale n. “commerce”

11.84 Merchant, Tradesman

makar n. “tradesman”

11.85 Market (place)

armar coll. “goods”

12. Spatial Relations

12.11 Place

esse³ n. “place”
essea² adj. “in place, local”
men n. “place, spot”
#nome n. “place”

12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay

esta-² v. “to place, set, plant”
panya- v. “to fix, set”

12.13 to Sit

ham- v. “to sit (down), be situated in ”
hamu- v. “to sit down, take a seat”
seru- v. “to settle on, sit or lie down, come to rest on”

12.14 to Lie, Recline

erde² n. “repose”
kaita- v. “to lie”
lat- v. “to be extended, stretch; to be situated (of an area), lie (of lands or regions)”
talta¹ adj. “sloping, tilted, leaning”

12.15 to Stand

#thar-² v. “to stand”
#tol- v. “to stand”
tolu- v. “to stand up, get up, leave one’s seat”

12.16 to Stay, Wait, Remain

hora- v. “to wait for”
lemya- v. “to remain, tarry”
lenda- v. “to linger”

12.17 to Remain, be Left Over

lemba adj. “left behind”

12.19 Quiet

lína- v. “to be silent”
qilir n. “quiet”

12.195 Whisper

eske n. “rustle, noise of leaves”
lussa- v. “to whisper”
lusse n. “whispering sound”

12.21 to Gather, Collect

hosta- v. “to collect”

12.22 to Join, Unite

#sampane n. “combination”
tak- v. “to fasten”

12.221 Together

le² prep. “with, by”
o- pref. “together”

12.222 And

ar conj. “and; but”
yo conj. “and”

12.223 Also

yú adv. “too”

12.232 to Divide

perya- v. “to divide in middle, halve”

12.24 to Open

latina adj. “open, free, cleared (of land)”
palya- v. “to open wide, spread, expand, extend”
panta adj. “open”
panta- v. “to unfurl, spread out, open”

12.26 to Cover

telme n. “hood, covering”
telta- v. “to canopy, overshadow, screen”
top- v. “to cover”

12.27 to Hide, Conceal

halya- v. “to veil, conceal, screen from light”
*lihlikka- v. “to sneak about”

12.31 High

orro² adv. “up in the air, on high”
tar- affix. “high; king or queen (in compounds)”
tára adj. “lofty, high”

12.32 Low

tumna adj. “lowlying, deep, low”

12.33 Top

hat (haht-) n. “ridge, comb, crest”

12.34 Bottom

numbe n. “root, foundation”
sundo [þ] n. “base, root, root-word”
talma n. “base, foundation, root”
tulko (*tulku-) n. “support, prop”

12.35 End

tyel (tyeld-) n. “end”
tyelma n. “ending”

12.352 Point

mente n. “point, end”
nasse n. “thorn, spike”

12.353 Edge

réna n. “edge, border, margin”
ríma n. “edge, hem, border”

12.37 Middle

enya¹ adj. “middle”
holmo adv. “from the middle”
†humpe adv. “in the middle”

12.38 Center

ende n. “centre, middle, core”

12.391 In, Inside

hont adv. “inwards”
imbe¹ adv. “in(wards)”
mi prep. “in, within”
minna prep. and adv. “into, to the inside”
mir prep. and adv. “to the inside, into”
mitta prep. and adv. “inwards, (?into)”
mitya adj. “interior”
to prep. “in”

12.392 Out, Outside

ar- pref. “outside, beside”
ara prep. “outside, beside”
ava adv. and adj. “outside, beyond; outer, exterior”
et prep. “out of”
et- pref. “forth, out”
etse n. “outside, exterior”
ette¹ adj. and adv. “outside”

12.394 Up, Above, Over

am- pref. “up”
amba adv. “up(wards)”
kas² adv. “upwards, towards the top”

12.395 Down, Below, Beneath

nu prep. “under”
nún adv. “down below, underneath”
tal adv. “downwards”
talte adv. “down, at the bottom”
undo adv. “down, low down”
undu prep. and adv. “down, under, beneath”

12.396 Behind, At the Rear

opto n. “back”
telle n. “rear”

12.398 To, Towards

allanna adv. “*to nowhere”
an(a) prep. “to, towards”
enyanna adv. “*to there (more remote)”
hapanna adv. “[to a place] together”
hinna adv. “still; *hither (by us)”
hriminna adv. “*to many places”
immanna adv. “*to anywhere”
lilinna adv. “*to many places”
onanna adv. “*to the very same place”
qáqenna adv. “*to everywhere”
#†-r² suf. “*archaic allative”
sanna adv. “*thither (previously mentioned)”
semenna adv. “*to few places”
sinna adv. “*hither”
tanna adv. “thither”
tannomen(na) adv. “*to that place”
tinna adv. “*thither (by you)”
umanna adv. “*to somewhere”
yanna adv. “*to there (remote)”

12.399 From, Away

allonomello adv. “from no place”
entallo adv. “*from there (more remote)”
enyallo adv. “*from there (more remote)”
hillo adv. “*hence (by us)”
ho prep. “from”
lalallo adv. “from no place”
-llo suf. “from; ablative element”
ló¹ prep. “ablative element”
qáqello adv. “*from everywhere”
sallo adv. “*thence (previously mentioned)”
sillo adv. “*hence”
tallo adv. “*thence”
tar adv. “thither, beyond”
tillo adv. “*thence (by you)”
umallo adv. “*from somewhere”
#va prep. “away”
vahai(y)a adv. “far away”
yallo adv. “*from there (remote)”

12.41 Right (vs. Left)

formaite adj. “righthanded, dexterous”
forte (forti-) adj. “right or north”
forya adj. “right (hand), dexter”

12.42 Left (vs. Right)

hyarmaite adj. “left-handed”
hyarya adj. “left (hand)”

12.43 Near

an(ner) adv. “at hand”
hi pron. “here, now (for both you and me)”

12.44 Far

avahaira adj. “*far beyond, very remote”
ekkaira adj. “?out-far”
haira adj. “remote, far”
haiya adv. “far off, far away”
palan adj. and adv. “far, distant, wide, to a great extent, over a wide space, to a distance”
palantir n. “far-seer”
tanomë adv.

12.45 East

rómen n. “east”
rómenya adj. “eastern”
róna adj. “east”

12.46 West

númen n. “west”
númenya adj. “western”

12.47 North

formen n. “north, right hand”
formenya adj. “northern”

12.48 South

hyarmen n. “south, left hand”
hyarmenya adj. “southern”

12.51 Form, Shape

kanta- v. “to shape”
kanta² n. and adj. “shape, frame; shaped”
kantea adj. “shapely”

12.53 to Grow

ala- v. “to grow”
alta- v. “to (make) grow”
alwa adj. “well-grown”
ola- v. “to grow [up]”
olaste n. “growth”
olinwa adj. “fully grown, adult”
ololla- v. “*to keep on growing”

12.54 to Measure

#lesta n. “measure”
rangwe n. “fathom”

12.55 Big, Large, Great

alta adj. “large, great in size”
úra adj. “large”

12.56 Small, Little

mitsa adj. “small”
míwa adj. “small, tiny, frail”
titta adj. “little, tiny”

12.57 Long

anda adj. “long”
andave adv. “*long”
ando² adv. “long”

12.58 Tall

aiqa adj. “steep”
halla adj. “tall”
tunda adj. “tall”

12.59 Short

sinta [þ] adj. “short”

12.61 Wide, Broad

landa¹ adj. “wide”
palla adj. “wide, expansive”

12.62 Narrow

arka adj. “narrow”

12.63 Thick (in Dimension)

tiuka adj. “thick, fat”
tiuya- v. “to swell, grow fat”

12.64 Thick (in Density)

hyarna adj. “compact, compressed”

12.65 Thin (in Dimension)

ninde adj. “slender”
teren adj. “slender”
tereva adj. “fine, acute”

12.67 Deep

núra adj. “deep”
tumba adj. “deep, lowlying”

12.71 Flat

lára¹ adj. “flat”
palme n. “surface”

12.72 Hollow, Concave

unka- v. “to hollow out”
unqa adj. “hollow”
unqe n. “hollow, cavity, hole”

12.73 Straight

téra adj. “straight, right”

12.74 Crooked

hwarin adj. “crooked”
raika adj. “crooked, bent, wrong”
rempa adj. “crooked, hooked”

12.75 Hook, Crook

ampa n. “hook, crook”
atsa¹ n. “claw, catch, hook”

12.76 Angle, Corner

neltil (neltild-) n. “triangle”

12.77 Cross

hwarma n. “crossbar”

12.81 Round

korna adj. “round, globed”
pel- v. “to go round, revolve, return”

12.82 Circle

korin n. “circular enclosure”
panda n. “enclosure”
rinda adj. “circular”
rinde n. “circle”

12.83 Sphere

kóma n. “*ball”
koron (corn-) n. “globe, ball”
pamba n. “ball”

12.84 Line

tea n. “straight line, road”
téma n. “row, series, line”

12.85 Hole

assa¹ n. “hole, perforation, opening, mouth”
latta¹ n. “hole, pit”
sat (sap-) n. “pit”
terra n. “fine pierced hole”
tundo² (tundu-) n. “hole”
uphto n. “pit”

12.91 Equal, Alike

ol(de) adv. “*in that very same way”
olli pron. “of the same number”
on- pref. “the same (oneness, uniqueness), identical”
ona pron. “that identical fact”
onainen adv. “*by that very same means”
o(na)llume adv. “*at that very same time”
onallume adv. “at or during exactly the same time”
onan adv. “at the very identical moment, at one and the same time (in absolute unison)”
o(na)nde adv. “to exactly the same degree”
onandon adv. “in identical fashion”
onanyas adv. “on one and the same day”
onar adv. “on one and the same day”
onaryas adv. “on one/the same day”
onas(se) adv. “*in the very same place”
ondaro adv. “*for the very same reason”
one pron. “the same person”
onilka pron. “*the same quantity”
onima pron. “of identical kind”
onnome adv. “*in the very same place”
onómen adv. “*aiming at the very same thing”
onosse adv. “the same place (not a different one from one already in mind, e.g. from one occupied by them at some other time)”
onya adj. and pron. “the same, the identical”

12.92 Like, Similar

hap- pref. “the same, together, alike, closely associated, [of time] approach closely”
hapalde adv. “*in about the same way”
hapalka pron. “*of similar quantity”
hapalli(ni) pron. “of similar number”
hapallume adv. “at more or less the same time, during the same period”
hapámen adv. “*aiming at about the same thing”
hapan adv. “at the same [approximate] moment”
hapa(na) adj. and pron. “of the same sort, associated, related; the same sort of thing”
hapan(an) adv. “at the same time (of a number of people or events) together, at more or less the same time”
hapande adv. “about as much (as)”
hapandon adv. “in the same style”
hapanima pron. “of related or similar kind”
hapanome adv. “*in about the same place”
haparo adv. “*for about the same reason”
hapar(yas) adv. “at the same day”
hapas(se) adv. “*in about the same place”
hapasse adv. “together in the same place (as far as the pair or group is concerned, and in distinction to others outside it)”

12.925 Different, Other

aia adj. “other, different”
aia- pref. “other, different (of larger numbers)”
aialli pron. “a different number”
ai(a)na adj. and pron. “alien, strange, any other; anything else, some other matter, a different matter”
aian(an) adv. “at another time, at some other time”
aianima pron. “of other sort, of other kind”
aiárea pron. “of different ages”
aina² adj. “something else”
alas(ka)- pref. “not different, no other”

12.94 Sign

narwe n. “sign, token”

13. Quantity and Number

13.11 Amount, Quantity

not- v. “to reckon”

13.12 Number

avanóte adj. “without number, numberless”
hosta n. “large number”
nóte n. “number”

13.13 Whole

ilqanna adj. “altogether, wholly, quite”
qanna adj. “entire, complete, whole”

13.14 All, Every

erqáqa adj. “every/each single”
erqáqe pron. “one and all, to each individually”
erqáqima pron. “of each kind”
ilqa n. “everything, all”
ilqan(an) adv. “all the time, the whole time, continuously”
ilq(an)ar adv. “all the day”
ilqanome adv. “all over the place, throughout”
ilqas(se) adv. “in the whole region”
il(u)- pref. “all the, the whole, the entire; all, any”
ilya adj. “all, the whole”
qá adv. “always, at all times, ever”
qalde adv. “*in all ways”
qallume adv. “*a few times”
qamma pron. “everyone/anyone”
qa(n)- pref. “all, all the (with plurals), every; each, every”
qanqe n. “always, at all times, ever”
qáqa adj. and pron. “every, each; everything, all facts”
qá(qa)men adv. “*aiming at all things”
qáqanar adv. “every day”
qáqárea pron. “of all ages”
qáqaryas adv. “on every day”
qáqe pron. “all, everyone, every person/thing”
qáqen(an) adv. “on each occasion”
qa(qe)nde adv. “in all ways, to every extent”
qaqendon adv. “*like all”
qaqenome adv. “*in all places”
qá(qe)ro adv. “by all means, for every reason, on all accounts”
qáqesse adv. “everywhere”
qáqi adv. “all”
qáqilka pron. “of all sizes”
qáqilli pron. “all, all numbers of men (if referring to groups)”
qáqima pron. “of any kind, of all sorts”
qáqínen adv. “*by all means”
voron(an) adv. “steadfastly, steadily, unremittingly, unceasingly”

13.15 Much, Many

hrillume adv. “*a great many times”
hrim- pref. “a great number, host, very many”
hríma pron. “very numerous (great in number or quantity)”
hríman(an) adv. “very often, on a great number of occasions”
hrímani n. “many, very many, a great number”
hrímaro adv. “*for a great many reasons”
hrimi n. “many, very many, a great number, a great many (with genitive)”
hrimilde adv. “in [a great] many ways”
hrímina pron. “of many kinds, of many sorts”
hrimindon adv. “*like a great many”
hrimínen adv. “*by a great many means”
hrimis(se) adv. “*in many places”
hrimo(n)nome adv. “*in many places”
kin- pref. “a certain amount of (any amount larger than the (very) small)”
lauta- v. “to abound”
lia¹ adj. “(not) a few, several”
lilde adv. “in many ways”
lilindon adv. “*like many”
(li)línen adv. “*by many means”
(li)lin(n)ome adv. “*in many places”
li(lí)ro adv. “*for many reasons”
lilis(se) adv. “*in many places”
li(n)- pref. “many”
li(na)llume adv. “*several times”
li(n)an adv. “many a time, not seldom, several times, often, sometimes”
linárea pron. “of many (different) ages”
lini n. “(pl.) a good few, several”
linima pron. “of several sorts, of several kinds”
linímen adv. “*aiming at many things”
*-lka suf. “*quantity”
rimba adj. “frequent, numerous”

13.17 Few, Little

sem- pref. “few, little, not many, not much”
seman(an) adv. “seldom, on few occasions”
semanar adv. “*on few days”
semel(de) adv. “in few ways, in few respects”
semellume adv. “*a few times”
semendon adv. “*like few”
semen(n)ome adv. “*in few places”
semesse adv. “*in few places”
semmen adv. “*by few means”
sempa adj. and pron. “very little, few; a small amount, a small quantity”
semparo adv. “*for a few reasons”
semparyas adv. “*on few days”
sempi n. “few (with genitive)”
sempina pron. “of few sorts”
yuyallume adv. “*both times”
yuyandon adv. “*like both”
yuyanome adv. “*in both places”
yuyas(se) adv. “*in both places”

13.18 Enough

fárea adj. “enough, sufficient”
faren adv. “enough”
ufárea adj. “not enough”
úvea adj. “abundant, in very great number, very large”

13.181 Sufficiency

farme n. “sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted”
farya- v. “to suffice”
úve n. “abundance, great quantity”

13.19 Crowd, Multitude

hosto n. “crowd, assembly”
hyanda n. “a throng, crowd”
rimbe n. “crowd, host”
sanga [þ] n. and adj. “crowd, throng, press, pack; crowded, packed”

13.192 Other Collective Words

masse² n. “handful, share, just portion (in distribution), measure or capacity (of a person)”
-sta¹ suf. “close grouping”

13.21 Full

#-inqa suf. “*-ful, complete”
qanta adj. “full”

13.22 Empty

kúma n. “void”
kumna adj. “empty”
lusta adj. “void, empty”

13.24 Half

#per- pref. “half, semi”

13.32 One

min num. card. “one”

13.33 Alone, Only

er adj. and adv. “one, alone”
eresse n. “solitude, separation, isolation”
eressea adj. “lonely”
erya adj. “single, sole, only”

13.34 First

enna² adj. “first”
essea¹ adj. “?primary”
héra adj. “chief, principal”
inga adj. “first”
minda adj. “prominent, conspicuous”
minya num. ord. “first”

13.35 Last

tella adj. “hindmost, last”
tyelima adj. “final”

13.36 Two

atta num. card. “two”
atwa adj. “double; either/or”
enatwa adj. “the second (of two)”
etwa pron. and conj. “the other (of two), second (in numerals); or else”
etwe pron. “the other (of two)”
immatwe pron. “either (when there is no choice)”
yú- pref. “both”
yuima pron. “of both sorts”
yúya adj. and pron. “both; both facts”
yuyal(de) adv. “in both ways”
yuyan(an) adv. “on both occasions”
yúye pron. “both [persons or things]”
yúyo adj. “both”

13.37 Second (ordinal)

neuna adj. “second”

13.38 Double, Twice

tanta adj. “double”
tatya- v. “to double, repeat”

13.41 Three

nelde num. card. “three”

13.45 Threefold, Triple

nel- pref. “tri-”

13.54 Cardinal Number

enqe num. card. “six”
kainen num. card. “ten”
kanta¹ num. card. “four”
lempe num. card. “five”
minqe num. card. “eleven”
nahta² num. card. “eighteen”
nerte num. card. “nine”
otso num. card. “seven”
#-rasta suf. “twelve”
tolto num. card. “eight”
yurasta num. card. “twenty four”

13.99 Quantity and Number (other)

-llume suf. “time”

14. Time

14.11 Time (period)

andalúme adv. “for a long while”
lú n. “time, occasion”
lúme n. “time, hour”

14.12 Age

randa n. “cycle, age (100 Valian Years)”
vea¹ adj. “adult, manly, vigorous”

14.13 New

sinya adj. “new”
virya adj. “fresh”

14.14 Young

nése [þ] n. “youth”
nessa adj. “young”
nessima adj. “youthful”
vinya¹ adj. “young, new”
vírie n. “youth”

14.15 Old

alanwa adj. “fully grown, adult, mature”
linyenwa adj. “old, having many years”
yalúmea adj. “olden”
yára adj. “old, ancient, belonging to or descending from former times”
yáre n. “former days”
yárea adj. “olden”
yerna adj. “old, worn”
yerya- v. “to wear (out), get old”

14.16 Early (adv)

arinya adj. “morning, early”

14.18 Now

sí adv. “now, here”
sillume adv. “*at this time”
sinan adv. “now, at present”

14.19 Soon, Immediately

horme n. “urgency”

14.21 Fast, Swift, Quick

alako n. “rush, rushing flight, wild wind”
(a)larka adj. “swift, rapid”
#lhit- v. “to speed”
rimpa adj. “rushing, flying”
tyelka adj. “swift, agile”

14.23 to Hurry, Hasten

horta- v. “to send flying, speed, urge”
orme n. “haste, violence, wrath, rushing”
orna adj. “hasty”

14.25 to Begin; Beginning

esse² n. “beginning”

14.252 to Last

vóre n. “lasting”
vórea adj. and n. “continuous, enduring, lasting; continuant”
vórima adj. “continuous, enduring, repeated”
vorongandele n. “continual repetition, (lit.) harping on one tune”
voronwa adj. “enduring, long-lasting”

14.254 Patience, Endurance

voronwie n. “endurance, lasting quality”

14.26 End (n, temporal)

metta n. “ending, end”

14.27 to Finish

karina adj. “made”
karino- v. “to get finished/made”
metya- v. “to put an end to”

14.28 to Cease

hauta- v. “to cease, take a rest, stop”
pusta n. “stop, in punctuation full stop”
pusta- v. “to stop, put a stop to, cease”
ser- v. “to rest, repose; to stay, tarry, stop, be for a while, at the moment”
tyel- v. “to end, cease”

14.30 Eternity

iale n. “everlasting age”
íre³ n. “eternal, eternity?”
oiale n. “everlasting age”
oire n. “everlasting (?age)”

14.302 Eternal

íra adj. “eternal”
oia adj. and adv. “everlasting”
oira adj. “eternal”
vor(o)- pref. “continual repetition”

14.31 Always

ia adv. “ever”
oi adv. “ever”
ullume adv. “for ever”
voro adv. “ever, continually”

14.35 Again

at(a)- pref. “back, again, re-”
ata adv. “again, *(lit.) a second time”
etwan adv. “the second time”
nan-¹ pref. “backwards”
né adv. “ago”
tolta- v. “to repeat”
tolte n. “*repetition”
tot adv. “often, over and over again”

14.355 Past, Ago

enge adv. “ago, once (in past), †it was”
san(an) adv. “then, at that time mentioned, at that same time”
sanar adv. “*on that (mentioned) day”
sanaryas adv. “*on that (mentioned) day”
tá adv. “then, at that time (past now)”
tallume adv. “at that date/time”
tanan adv. “then, at that time (past now)”
tanar(yas) adv. “*on that (past) day”
vanwie n. “the past, past time”
yá adv. “formerly, ago, at that (distant) time, then (long ago)”
yallume adv. “at that (far distant) time, at last”
yalúme n. “former times”
yanan adv. “at that (distant) time, then (long ago)”
yanar adv. “*on that (distant) day”
yanaryas adv. “*on that (distant) day”

14.36 Before (temporal)

esta-³ v. “to precede”
#nó¹ prep. “yester-, *after”
táre adv. “*that day”
uman adv. “at one time”

14.37 After

en (end-) pron. and adv. “there, yonder, far away; look yon(der); that; in that (future) case”
én adv. “then, next”
enta pron. and adv. “that yonder, then (fut.), next”
entallume adv. “*at that (future) time”
enya² adv. “at some distant time, that far away”
enyallume adv. “at that distant date”
enyan(an) adv. “then, at some distant time”
enyar adv. “*on some distant future day”
enyáre adv. “in that day”
évea adj. “future”
kata prep. “after”
kato adv. “afterwards”
tulurya adj. “future, coming”

14.41 Day

ala n. “day”
alan n. “daytime”
are n. “day”
arie n. “daytime”
arya n. “day (twelve hours)”

14.42 Night

ló² n. “night, a night”
lóme (lómi-) n. “night, night-time, shades of night, gloom”
#núre n. “night”

14.43 Dawn

ambaróne n. “uprising, sunrise, Orient”
anaróre n. “sunrise”
ára n. “dawn, day”
artuile n. “dayspring, early morn”
tindóme n. “(starry) twilight, starlit dusk”

14.44 Morning

arin n. “morning”

14.46 Evening

sinye [þ] n. “evening”
vinye n. “evening”

14.462 Dusk

andúne n. “sunset”
yúkale n. “twilight”

14.47 Today

sinar n. and adv. “today, nowadays, this morning”
sinaryas adv. “today, this very day”

14.48 Tomorrow

elloa n. “next year”
enar n. “tomorrow”
entar adv. “the next day”
entaryas adv. “the next day”

14.49 Yesterday

nóloa n. “yesteryear”
yenya n. “last year”

14.61 Week

lemnar n. “(Valarin five-day) week”

14.62 Sunday

Anarya n. “Sunday, (lit.) Sun-day”

14.63 Monday

Isilya [þ] n. “*Monday, Moon-day”

14.64 Tuesday

Aldarya n. “*Tuesday”

14.65 Wednesday

Menelya n. “*Wednesday, Heavens-day”

14.66 Thursday

Earenya n. “Sea-day, *Thursday”

14.67 Friday

Tárinar n. “*alternate name of Valanya”
Valarya n. “*Friday, Vala-day”

14.68 Saturday

Elenya n. “Saturday, *Star-day”

14.72 Names of the Months

Erkoire n. “February, *First-stirring”
Erlaire n. “June, *First-summer”
Erqelle n. “September, *First-autumn”
Erríve n. “November, *First-winter”
Ertuilë n. “April, *First-spring”
Hísime [þ] n. “November, *Misty-one”
Kermie n. “July”
Lótesse n. “May, *(lit.) Flower-ness”
Metelaire n. “August, *(lit.) End-summer”
Nárie n. “June, *Fire-ness”
Narqelie n. “October”
Narvinye n. “January, *New-fire”
Nendesse n. “February, *Wet-ness”
Nókoire n. “March, *After-stirring”
Nólairë n. “July, *After-summer”
Nóqelle n. “October, *After-autumn”
Norríve n. “December, *After-winter”
Nótuile n. “May, *After-spring”
Ringare n. “December, *Coldness”
Súlime [þ] n. “March”
Úrime n. “August, *Hot-one”
Víresse n. “April, *Freshness”
Yavannie n. “September, *Yavanna-ness”

14.73 Year

#loa n. “year”
qantien n. “century, (lit.) full year”
yén n. “year”
yénie n. “annals”

14.74 Winter

Fírien n. “Winter”
hríve n. “winter”

14.75 Spring

koire n. “Stirring”
tuile n. “spring, spring-time”
Tuilear n. “Springdays”

14.76 Summer

laire¹ n. “summer”

14.77 Autumn

lasselanta n. “leaf-fall, autumn; October”
Narqelion n. “Fire-fading, Autumn”
qelle n. “Autumn”

14.79 Festival, Holiday

meren(de) (merend-) n. “feast, festival”
merya adj. “festive”
meryale n. “holiday”

14.81 History

lumenyáre n. “*history”
lúmeqenta n. “history, chronological account”
lúmeqentale n. “history”
lúmeqentalea adj. “historical”
#lúmie n. “annals”
qentasse n. “history”

14.99 Time (other)

illume conj. “when, whenever, at the time that”
íqallume adv. “when, whenever”
oi- v. “to live, pass one’s days”

15. Sense Perception

15.11 to Sense, Perceive; Sense

laika adj. “keen, sharp, acute”
laike n. “acuteness, keenness of perception”

15.21 to Smell (subj)

nusta- v. “to smell [something]”

15.24 Smell (n, obj)

holme n. “odour”
†ksenna n. “odour”

15.26 Stinking, Bad Smelling

saura [þ] adj. “foul, evil-smelling, putrid”

15.31 to Taste (subj)

tyatyamba- v. “*to keep on tasting”
tyav- v. “to taste”

15.37 Bitter

sára adj. “bitter”

15.41 to Hear

15.42 to Listen, Harken

las interj. “mark you, I tell you, if you can believe me”
lasta- v. “to listen; to hear”

15.43 Hearing

lasta n. “listening, hearing”

15.44 Sound

láma n. “ringing sound, echo; sound”
lamma n. “sound”
lamya- v. “to sound”
#sunduláma n. “fundamental sound”

15.441 Echo

lámina adj. “echoing”
nalláma n. “echo”

15.442 Phonetic

kalmatéma n. “k-series”
#na-súrima n. “aspirate”
nengwetanwa adj. “nasal-infixed”
nengwetehta n. “nasal sign”
okamna n. “diphthong”
#ólama n. “consonant”
#ólamaite adj. “consonantal”
#ómaite n. “voiced [stop]”
óman (omand-) n. “vowel”
#ómanda adj. “vocalic”
ómataile n. “vowel-lengthening”
ómataima n. “vocalic extension”
#ómea adj. “voiced”
parmatéma n. “p-series”
#perómanda adj. and n. “semivocalic, *semi-vowel”
punta n. “stopped consonant”
qessetéma n. “q-series”
#samna² n. “diphthong”
sundóma [þ] n. “determinant vowel, vocalic determinant”
surya n. “spirant consonant”
tinkotéma n. “t-series”

15.51 to See

#ken- v. “to see”
kénima adj. “visible, able to be seen”
kenya- v. “to see”

15.52 to Look

#tir- v. “to watch”
#tiriste n. “*watch, guard”

15.54 Sight (obj), Look (obj), Appearance

nemeste n. “appearance”
nemestea adj. “apparent”

15.56 to Shine, Glisten

faina- v. “to emit light”
faire¹ n. “radiance”
sil- v. “to shine”
silma adj. “silver, shining white”

15.562 Blinking

mirilya- v. “to glitter”
rilma n. “glittering light”
rilya adj. “glittering”
sisilla- v. “to glitter (white)”
#tin- v. “to glint”
#tintila- v. “*to sparkle”
tintina- v. “to sparkle”
†tithilla- v. “to twinkle”

15.57 Bright

alkar(e) n. “radiance, brilliance”
alkarinqa adj. “radiant, glorious”
kalarin(a) adj. “*brilliant”
#kalima adj. “*bright”
?rille n. “brilliance”

15.61 Color

laite n. “colour”

15.62 Light in Color

luina adj. “pale”
ninqinta- v. “to grow pale”

15.64 White

alaninqitálima adj. “that cannot be made white (again)”
fanya n. and adj. “sky; white”
ninqe (ninqi-) adj. “white”
ninqeri n. “*white (female thing or personification)”
ninqeru n. “white man, white male swan, white ship, white (male thing or personification)”
ninqisse n. “whiteness”
ninqita- v. “to whiten, make white; to shine white”
ninqitáre n. “whitening, whitewashing”

15.65 Black

mordo n. “[dark] stain, smear; obscurity, dimness, shadow”
more (mori-) adj. “black, dark”

15.66 Red

aira adj. “red, copper-coloured, ruddy”
karanya- v. “to make red, redden”
karne (karni-) adj. “red”
#karnie n. “*redness”
kulda adj. “flame-coloured, golden-red”
kulina adj. “flame-coloured, golden-red”
†kullo n. “red gold”
kuluina adj. “orange (coloured); of gold, golden”
roina adj. “ruddy”
varne (varni-) adj. “brown, swart, dark brown”

15.67 Blue

helwa adj. “(pale) blue”
ilin (*ilind-) adj. “pale blue”
lúne (lúni-) adj. “blue”
vinde adj. “pale blue”
vinya² adj. “pale blue”

15.68 Green

laiqa adj. “green”
vén [w] n. “greenness, freshness; youth”
venya [w] adj. “green, yellow-green, fresh”

15.69 Yellow

malina adj. “yellow”
malwa adj. “fallow, pale”
marya adj. “pale, fallow, fawn [light yellowish tan colour]”

15.70 Grey

hiswa [þ] adj. “grey”
sinde (sindi-) [þ] adj. “grey, pale”

15.74 Hard

tarya adj. “tough, stiff”

15.75 Soft

kúvima adj. “flexible”
kúvula adj. “flexible, pliant”
maksa adj. “soft, pliant”
milya adj. “soft, gentle, weak”

15.77 Smooth

pasta [þ] adj. “smooth”

15.78 Sharp

aika adj. “sharp”

15.81 Heavy, Weighty

lu- v. “to be heavy, be sad”
lumna adj. “lying heavy, burdensome, oppressive, ominous”
lumna- v. “to lie heavy, be heavy”
lunga adj. “heavy; fraught”

15.82 Light, Nimble

maite (maisi-) adj. “handy, skilled”

15.83 Wet, Damp

linqe (linqi-) adj. “wet”
miksa adj. “wet”
níte (*níti-) adj. “moist, dewy”

15.84 Dry, Arid

parka adj. “dry; thirsty”

15.85 Hot, Warm

lauka adj. “warm”
yulme n. “red (?heat), smouldering heat”

15.86 Cold, Frigid

helka adj. “ice-cold”
ringe (ringi-) n. “cold”

15.87 Pure, Clean

poika adj. “clean, pure”
poinesse n. “?cleanliness”

15.88 Dirty, Soiled

vahta- v. “to soil, stain”
vakse n. “stain”
vára adj. “soiled, dirty”

15.89 Sticky; Gum

him- v. “to adhere”
himba adj. “adhering, sticking”
himíte (himíti-) adj. “clinging, able to stick on”
himya- v. “to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by”

16. Emotion

16.11 Soul, Spirit

manu n. “departed spirit”

16.12 Feeling, Emotion

hóre n. “impulse”
hórea adj. “impulsive”

16.14 Care

súta- v. “to be the matter with”

16.15 Wonder, Astonishment

#mírinda- v. “*to admire”
tatalla- v. “to admire, wonder at (the excellence of), marvel”

16.17 Fortune (Good or Bad)

maranwe n. “destiny”
marta¹ adj. and n. “fated, fey; fate”
martya- v. “to destine”
tulumaite adj. “likely to come, probable (of future events)”

16.18 Good Fortune

alma n. “good fortune, weal, wealth, *well-being”
almare n. “blessedness, blessings, good fortune, bliss”
almárea adj. “blessed”

16.19 Misfortune

umbar (umbart-) n. “fate, doom”

16.21 to Please

fasta adj. “pleased”
fasta-² v. “to please”

16.212 Please in Polite Phrases

lá³ interj. “(?please)”
namárie interj. “farewell”

16.24 Happy; Happiness

alasse n. “joy, merriment”

16.26 to Play

#tyal- v. “to play”
tyalie n. “play, game, sport”

16.27 to Love; Love

mel- v. “to love (as friend)”
melindo n. “lover (m.)”
melisse n. “lover (f.)”
melme n. “love”
tyaz- v. “to like”
yelme² n. “[unglossed]”

16.272 Friendship

helda² adj. “friendly, having love (for)”
helme n. “friendship”
-iel² suf. “-friend”
-(n)dil suf. “-friend”
nilda adj. “friendly, loving (towards)”
nilme n. “friendship”

16.28 Dear

melda adj. “beloved, dear, sweet”
melima adj. “loveable, fair”
melin adj. “dear”
moina adj. “familiar, dear”
sonda adj. “dear, fond”
yelda adj. “friendly, dear as friend”

16.29 to Kiss

miqilis n. “kiss”

16.31 Pain, Suffering

naike n. “sharp pain”
naikele n. “*anguish”
naikelea adj. “painful”
nwalma [ñ-] n. “pain”
sút n. “pain, (esp.) death-throe”

16.315 Torture, Torment

nwalme [ñ-] n. “torment”
nwalya- [ñ-] v. “to pain, torment”
ungwale n. “torture”
unqale n. “death agony, agony, death”

16.32 Grief, Sorrow

naina- v. “to lament”
naire n. “lament, sorrow”
nairea adj. “sorrowful”

16.38 Tear

nie n. “tear”

16.41 Hate

mun- v. “to dislike, to not like”
yelme¹ n. “loathing”
yelta- v. “to loathe, abhor”
yelwa adj. “loathsome”

16.42 Anger

merka adj. “wild, untamed”
raiqa adj. “angry”
ráva¹ adj. and n. “wild, untamed”
verka adj. “wild”

16.43 Rage, Fury

aha n. “rage”

16.45 Shame

yaiwe n. “mocking, scorn”

16.48 Proud

nukumna adj. “humbled”

16.51 to Dare

verya- v. “to dare”

16.52 Brave, Courageous

káne n. “valour”
kanya adj. “bold; wise”
verie n. “boldness”
verya adj. “bold”

16.53 Fear, Fright

aista- v. “to dread”
feuya- v. “to feel disgust at, abhor”
norta [ñ-] adj. “horrible”
norto [ñ-] n. “horror”
osse n. “terror”

16.54 Peril, Danger

tarki- v. “to trouble”
úmahta(le) n. “nuisance”

16.61 to Will, Wish

men- v. “to aim at; to wish, mean, intend”
mende n. “will”

16.62 to Desire

ksara- v. “to yearn, long for”
mer- v. “to wish, desire, want”
milya- v. “to long for”

16.622 Desire

íre¹ n. “desire, longing”
írima adj. “lovely, desirable”
maile n. “lust”
mailea adj. “lustful”
milka adj. “greedy”
milme n. “desire, greed”
yesta- v. “to desire”

16.65 Faithful

sanda [þ] adj. “firm, true, abiding”
tulka adj. “firm, immovable, steadfast; strong”

16.66 True

anwa adj. “true, real, actual”
enna¹ n. “fact, (primary) thing [that exists]”
enwa adj. and n. “existent, real, true; fact”
haie interj. “ that is (so), yes”
naite adj. “*true or thingly”

16.71 Good

mára adj. “good (of things), useful, fit”

16.72 Bad

alwara adj. “useless, *worthless”

16.74 Wrong

úmea adj. “evil”
uvana adj. “wicked”

16.77 Error, Mistake

var- [w] v. “to err”

16.79 Praise

laita- v. “to praise; ?live”
orhal- v. “to exalt”

16.81 Beautiful

linda adj. “fair, beautiful (of sound)”
vanima adj. “fair”
Vanimo n. “The Beautiful; Fair Folk”
vanya adj. “beautiful, fair”

16.99 Emotion (other)

faika adj. “contemptible, mean”
naikea adj. “cruel”
nwalka [ñ-] adj. “cruel”

17. Mind and Thought

17.11 Mind

indo n. “heart, mood”

17.12 Reason, Intelligence

handa¹ adj. “understanding, intelligent”
handasse n. “intelligence”
handele n. “intellect”

17.13 to Think, Reflect

nov- v. “?to think, form idea, imagine”
úvie n. “considering a matter (with a view to decision)”

17.151 Guess, Suppose

au(ve) adv. “might (have), would (have)”
intya n. “guess, supposition, idea, notion”
intya- v. “to guess, suppose”
nai² adv. “*may it be”
qe conj. “if”

17.16 to Understand

hanya- v. “to understand, know about, be skilled in dealing with”

17.17 to Know

ista- v. “to know, learn”
nilaistama n. “something/body or other”

17.171 Knowledge, Science

hande n. “knowledge, understanding”
†ingole n. “deep lore, magic”
istalima adj. “knowable, ascertainable”
istare n. “knowledge”
istya n. “knowledge”
nolwe [ñ-] n. “wisdom, (secret) lore”

17.18 to Seem

nem- v. “to seem, appear”
nenemma- v. “to keep on (re-)appearing”
nim- v. “to seem, appear”

17.19 Idea, Notion

inka n. “idea”
nó² (nów-) n. “conception, idea, thought”

17.20 Imagination

aule n. “invention”
auta-² v. “to invent, originate, devise”
intyale n. “imagination”
nause [þ] n. “imagination”

17.21 Wise

istima adj. “having knowledge, wise, learned”
nóla² [ñ-] adj. “wise, learned”
nóle [ñ-] n. “wisdom”
saira adj. “wise”

17.25 to Teach

#nolya- [ñ] v. “to teach”

17.27 Teacher

istyar n. “scholar, learned man, lore-master, wizard”

17.34 Clear, Plain (to the Mind)

hiuta- v. “to hint”

17.35 Obscure

nulla adj. “dark, dusky, obscure; hidden, secret”

17.36 Secret

alistima adj. “unknowable, secret”
muile n. “secrecy”
muina adj. “hidden, secret”

17.37 Sure, Certain

altankanta- v. “to become unfixed”
tanka adj. “firm, fixed, sure”
tankata- v. “to make fixed or firm, confirm”

17.41 Purpose, Intention

enne n. “thought, purpose”
meneste n. “intention”
Meterríve n. “January, *(lit.) End-winter”
talta-² v. “to mean”
tel- v. “to intend, mean”

17.42 Cause, Reason

tyar- v. “to cause”

18. Language and Music

18.11 Voice

alómea adj. “voiceless”
óma n. “voice”
ómalóra adj. “voiceless”

18.12 to Sing

lin- v. “to sing”
lindo n. “singer, singing bird”
#lir- v. “to sing, chant”
liru- v. “to sing (gaily)”
liruima adj. “able to be sung”
lirule n. “merry song”
liruste n. “singing, chant”
lirustea adj. “fit for singing, to be sung”
nyello n. “singer”

18.13 to Shout, Cry Out

hó n. “shout”
lam- v. “to call [out to]”
yello n. “call, shout, cry of triumph”

18.14 Various Cries

á² interj. “Oh!”
é interj. “indeed”
nai interj. “alas”
orro¹ interj. “ugh, alas!, ow!”
yé¹ interj. “*lo!”

18.21 to Speak, Talk

#nyarie n. “talking”
nyárula adj. “apt to talk”

18.22 to Say

alqettima adj. “unutterable”
nyar(a)- v. “to relate, tell, recite (in sing-song voice), talk”
qeqetta- v. “to repeat, keep on saying”
qet- v. “to say, tell, mention”
qettima adj. “utterable”

18.24 Language

lambe n. “language, tongue”
#qesta n. “speech, language”
qetil n. “tongue, language, talk”
#-rin suf. “-ian, racial-adjective, language”

18.25 Dialect

18.28 Name

esse¹ n. “name”
estaina adj. “named”

18.31 to Question, Inquire

ma adv. “interrogative particle”
má² pron. and adv. “what; when”
mal(de) adv. “how, in what manner”
malka adj. “how great”
mallini adj. and pron. “how many”
mallo adv. “whence”
mallume adv. “at what time/date”
mallúmea adj. “how old, of what age”
mámen adv. “why, for what reason”
man pron. “what”
mana pron. “who, what, which”
m(an)ainen adv. “by what means”
manan adv. “when”
manandon adv. “after what fashion, like what”
manar n. “doom, final end, fate, fortune; final bliss”
manárea adj. and pron. “how old, how long lasting, (lit.) lasting or living how many days”
manar(yas) adv. “on what day”
manas(se) adv. “where”
man(de) adv. “how (to what degree, extent), how great, how far”
mane pron. “who”
manikka adj. and pron. “how small”
manima adj. “of what kind, of what sort, what kind of”
manna adv. “whither”
mannomen adv. “*to what place”
manomello adv. “*from what place”
manome(s) adv. “in what place”
maro adv. “why, for what reason”
masse¹ adv. “where”
matwa adj. and pron. “whether, which of two”

18.34 to Deny

lala- v. “to deny”
laqe[t]- v. “[unglossed]”

18.35 to Ask, Request

kesta- v. “to ask”
pak- v. “to ask, enquire”

18.37 to Refuse

avaqet- v. “to refuse, forbid”

18.41 to Call, Summon

naham- v. “to summon”
naháme n. “summons”
nahamna adj. “summoned”

18.42 to Call, Name

esta-¹ v. “to name”

18.51 to Write

áratenkele n. “writing of A, (lit.) daywriting”
tek- v. “to write”
tekko n. “stroke (of pen or brush), accent [´]”
tengwe n. “writing”
tenkele n. “writing (system), spelling”

18.53 Letter of the Alphabet

amatikse n. “dot or point placed above the line of writing”
andatehta n. “long mark”
andatelko n. “long stem, long leg”
andólama n. “long consonant”
#napanna n. “additional letter”
#ómatehta n. “vowel-sign”
putta n. “stop (in punctuation)”
qanta-tenkele n. “full writing”
rinke (rinki-) n. “flourish, quick stroke, hook”
sa-rinke (sa-rinki-) n. “s-hook, hooked stroke in tengwa”
tehta n. “mark (in writing), sign, diacritic”
tengwa n. “letter; writing, grammar”
tengwanda n. “alphabet”
tikse n. “dot, tiny mark, point”
unutikse n. “dot or point placed below the line of writing”

18.54 Letter, Epistle

tenna² n. “a letter”

18.57 Pen

tekil n. “pen”

18.58 Ink

motto n. “blot”

18.61 Book

parma n. “book”

18.65 Literature

parmaina adj. “of books, literary”

18.66 Author, Writer

qenso n. “minstrel”

18.67 Poet

laire² n. “poem”
#linwe n. “short lay”
qentare n. “minstrel [f.]”
qentaro n. “narrator, reciter, minstrel”

18.68 Tale, Story

nyáre n. “tale, saga, history”
nyarna n. “tale, saga”
qenta n. “tale, story, account, history”
qentale n. “account, history”

18.69 Music

kantele n. “music”
lindale n. “music”
linde¹ n. “air, tune”

18.72 Harp, Lute

linga-² v. “to ring, twang”
nanda- [ñ-] v. “to harp”
nandaro [ñ-] n. “harper”
nande [ñ-] n. “harp”
nandele n. “harping, *repetition”
nandelle [ñ-] n. “little harp”
tinga- v. “to twang”
tinge n. “twang”
tunga adj. “taut, tight; resonant (of strings)”
tyalangan (*tyalangand-) n. “harp-player”

18.73 Bell, Ringing

nyelle n. “bell”

19. Social Relations

19.13 Country (vs. Town)

ravanda n. “wilderness”

19.14 Region, Territory

arda n. “realm, region”
#-ien² suf. “-land”
†má³ n. “land, region”
ména n. “region”
-ndor suf. “-land”

19.15 Town, City

ostirion n. “fort”
osto n. “city, town with wall round, fort”

19.16 Village

opele n. “walled house or village, town”

19.21 People, Populace

lie n. “people, folk”

19.22 a People, Nation

aranyalle n. “*kingdom”
nóre n. “land, country, region where certain people live; clan, race, folk, kindred”

19.23 Tribe, Clan, Family

nosse n. “clan, family, ‘house’”

19.31 to Rule, Govern

tur- v. “to wield, control, govern”

19.32 King

aran¹ n. “king”
aranaite adj. “*kingly, royal”
araníe n. “kingship”
haran n. “king, chieftain, lord or king of a specified region”
†tár n. “king, lord”

19.33 Queen

tári n. “queen”

19.35 Prince

haryon n. “prince (heir)”
†kundu n. “prince”
kunduina adj. “of princes, princely”

19.352 Other Titles of Nobility

káno n. “chief”

19.36 Noble, Nobleman

kallo n. “noble man, hero”

19.41 Master

heru n. “lord, master”
mandu n. “lord”
-tur suf. “master, victor, lord”
turo n. “master, victor, lord”

19.412 Lady

heri n. “lady”
nissa n. “lady”

19.42 Slave

mól n. “slave, thrall”
#móla adj. “enslaved”

19.43 Servant

-(n)dur suf. “*servant”
núro n. “servant”

19.44 Free

(a)ranya adj. “free”
mirima adj. “free”

19.47 to Let, Permit

lav-² v. “to yield, allow, grant”
néme n. “leave, *permission”

19.48 to Compel

hortale n. “speeding, urging”
horya- v. “to have an impulse, be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do”
mausta n. “compulsion”
mauya- v. “to compel”
siule n. “incitement”

19.51 Friend

-el suf. “friend”
helde n. “friend”
heldo n. “friend”
helmo n. “friend”
málo n. “friend”
meldo n. “(friend), lover”
nilde n. “friend (f.)”
nildo n. “friend [m.]”
nilmo n. “friend”
-ser suf. “friend”
serme n. “friend (f.)”
sermo n. “friend”
seron n. “friend”
sondo n. “friend”

19.52 Foe, Enemy

kotumo n. “enemy”
kotya adj. “hostile”
untamo n. “enemy”

19.55 Stranger

aiano n. “stranger, alien”
ettele n. “outer lands, foreign parts”
ettelea adj. “foreign”
sinní pron. “I here”
uma- pref. “some, a, a certain”

19.59 to Hinder, Prevent

tampa n. “stopper”
tap- v. “to stop, block”

19.61 Custom, Usage

haime n. “habit”

19.62 Strife, Quarrel

kosta- v. “to quarrel”

19.65 to Meet

omentie n. “meeting”

20. Warfare and Hunting

20.13 War

ohta n. “war”

20.14 Peace

senda adj. “resting, at peace”
sére n. “rest, repose, peace”

20.17 Soldier

mahtar n. “warrior”
ohtakáro n. “warrior”
ohtatyaro n. “warrior”

20.20 Captain

hesto n. “captain”

20.24 Bow

kú n. “bow”
qinga n. “bow (for shooting)”

20.25 Arrow

pilin (pilind-) n. “arrow”

20.26 Spear

ehte (*ehti-) n. “spear”
ehtyar n. “spearman”
enke n. “spear point”
nasta n. “spear-head, spear-point, gore, triangle”

20.27 Sword

hyando n. “cleaver, hewer (sword)”
lango¹ n. “broad sword; prow of a ship”
makil n. “sword”
russe n. “corruscation, †sword-blade”
yelka n. “sword?”

20.33 Helmet

harna² n. “helmet”
kassa n. “helmet”

20.34 Shield

turma n. “shield”
umbas [þ] n. “shield”

20.35 Fortress

arta n. “fort, fortress”

20.36 Tower

#mindon n. “(isolated) tower”
tirion n. “watch-tower, tower”

20.41 Victory

túre n. “mastery, victory”

20.45 Retreat

#nan-² v. “to go back”

21. Law and Judgment

21.12 General Law

sanya [þ] adj. “regular, law-abiding, normal”
sanye [þ] n. “rule, law”
vorosanya [þ] adj. “*ever-law-abiding”

21.18 Judge

mandos n. “doomsman, judge”

21.24 to Swear

vesta-² v. “to swear (to do something), contract, make a compact”

21.25 Oath

vére n. “bond, troth, compact, oath”
vestale² n. “oath”

21.39 Jail, Prison

#manda n. “prison, *duress”

21.395 Exile, Outlaw

farino n. “hunted man, outlaw, fugitive”

22. Religion and Beliefs

22.12 God

Ainu n. “holy one, angelic spirit”
Eru n. “The One God”
Vala n. “Power, God”
valaina adj. “of or belonging to the Valar, divine”
valasse n. “divinity”
valya adj. “having (divine) authority or power”

22.13 Temple

yána n. “holy place, fane, sanctuary”

22.19 Holy, Sacred

aina¹ adj. “holy”

22.23 to Bless

mána adj. “blessed”

22.31 Heaven

ilduma n. “heaven”

22.33 Angel

Aini n. “holy one, angelic spirit (f.)”
mai(y)a n. “[unglossed]”

22.35 Demon, Evil Spirit

rauko n. “demon”

22.42 Magic, Witchcraft, Sorcery

luhta- v. “to enchant”
lúke n. “enchantment”
nolfine [ñ-] n. “magical skill”

22.431 Sorcerer, Wizard

sairon n. “wizard”

22.44 Elf, Fairy

Elda n. “Elf”
Eldalie n. “People of the Elves, Elf-folk”
Eldarin adj. and n. “of the Elves, Elvish”
Qen (Qend-) n. “Elf”
Qende n. “Elf”
Qenderin adj. and n. “Quendian”
Qenya n. “Elvish (Tongue), Elfspeech, Elf-latin; belonging to the Qendi, Quendian”

22.441 Dryad, Nymph

falmar(in) (falmarind-) n. “sea-spirit, nymph”
nindari n. “river-maid, nymph”
tavaril n. “dryad, spirit of woods (f.)”
tavaron n. “dryad, spirit of woods (m.)”
wingil (wingild-) n. “nymph, mermaid, foam-maid”

22.442 Dwarf

nauko n. “dwarf”

22.445 Goblin, Monster

hanako n. “giant”
norsa [þ] n. “giant”
ulundo n. “monster, deformed and hideous creature”
úvanimo n. “monster”

22.446 Orc, Goblin

orko (orcu-) n. “goblin”

22.447 Dragon

angulóke n. “dragon”
fealóke n. “spark-dragon”
lungu n. “dragon”
rámalóke n. “winged dragon”
urulóke n. “fire-dragon”

23. Grammar

23.1 Article

i¹ article. “the”

23.2 Negation

al(a)- pref. “not, negative prefix”
alande adv. “to no degree, in no way”
(a)láqa adj. and pron. “none”
(a)láqainen adv. “by no means”
(a)láqalde adv. “in no way, by no method, nohow”
(a)láqan adv. “not (at all)”
alaqande adv. “not in the least”
(a)láqandon adv. “*like nothing”
alaryas adv. “*at no day”
alatwe pron. “neither”
alla² adj. and pron. “nothing”
allan adv. “never, at no time”
all(an)ar adv. “*at no day”
allane pron. “nobody, nothing (no thing), no one”
allanima pron. “of no sort, of no kind”
allanome(s) adv. “*in no place”
allaro adv. “*for no reason”
alli pron. “of another number, not so many”
allume adv. “at no date”
ava- pref. “without”
il- pref. “no, not”
la- pref. “no, none, not any”
lá- v. “to not be”
lá¹ adv. “no, not”
lalámen adv. “*aiming at nothing”
lálan adv. “at no time”
lalasse adv. “nowhere”
laqalka pron. “*no quantity”
láqana adj. and pron. “none at all”
laqe pron. “nobody”
lau(me) adv. “no, no indeed not, on the contrary”
-lóra suf. “without, less”
ú- pref. “not, un-, in-”
um- v. “to not be, to not do”

23.3 Preposition

a² prep. “[unglossed]”
enga prep. “save, *except”
pa prep. “about”
ten conj. “for”
tenna¹ prep. “until”
ve prep. “with”
ye¹ prep. “at”

23.4 Pronoun

a¹ pron. “it, one, indefinite subject”
aiane pron. “somebody (or something) else, another person [or thing]”
ane pron. “somebody, someone”
atwe pron. “another (of two); one of the two”
e pron. “he, she, it”
ekke pron. “you (emphatic familiar)”
ekket pron. “you (emphatic familiar dual)”
ella pron. “of you, for you”
elle pron. “you (emphatic polite)”
ellet pron. “you (emphatic polite dual)”
elta pron. “his, *her, its (emphatic possessive)”
elte pron. “he, *she, it (emphatic)”
emma pron. “*our (emphatic possessive exclusive)”
emme pron. “we (emphatic exclusive)”
emmet pron. “we (emphatic exclusive dual)”
engwa pron. “*our (emphatic possessive inclusive)”
engwe pron. “we (emphatic inclusive)”
eñgwet pron. “we (emphatic inclusive dual)”
entas(se) adv. “*there (more remote)”
enyanome adv. “*in that (remote) place”
enyasse adv. “there far away, far away over there”
esta¹ pron. “*his, hes, its (emphatic possessive other)”
esta² adj. “first”
este pron. “he, she, it (emphatic other)”
estu pron. “they (emphatic dual other)”
ettu pron. “they (emphatic dual)”
#etya¹ adj. “exiled”
etya² pron. “*your (emphatic possessive familiar)”
ha pron. “it, abstract subject”
he¹ pron. “they”
he² pron. “him, her, it (yet another)”
hilka pron. “*this much, this great (by us)”
hina adj. and pron. “this (by us); this fact (by us)”
hinde adv. “[now] is only found used of...”
hine pron. “this by you and me (not him)”
hinima pron. “*of this sort (by us)”
hinis(se) adv. “*here (by us)”
hisse adv. “*here (by us)”
hitwe pron. “*these (of two by us)”
i² pron. “that, what (relative pronoun)”
ikkin pron. “you (emphatic plural familiar)”
ilde conj. “*like that (relative)”
ilka pron. and conj. “*as much as, as great as”
illi pron. and conj. “as many as”
illin pron. “you (emphatic polite plural)”
íma pron. and conj. “such as”
ímen adv. “*aiming at that (relative)”
imma pron. “any, any at all (in the world/existence)”
immainen adv. “*by any means”
immal(de) adv. “anyhow”
immalka pron. “*any quantity”
immalli pron. “of any number”
immallume adv. “*at any time”
immámen adv. “*aiming at anything”
immana adj. and pron. “any at all”
imman(an) adv. “at any time, ever”
imman(de) adv. “ever, at all, to any degree”
immandon adv. “*like anything”
immane pron. “anybody, anything, anyone”
immanima pron. “of any kind”
immanome adv. “*in any place”
immanyas adv. “on any day”
immar adv. “any day”
immaro adv. “*for any reason”
immas(se) adv. “*anywhere”
ina adj. and pron. “the one that; the fact (that)”
inárea pron. and conj. “as old as”
in(de) conj. “as, as much as”
indon conj. “as”
ine pron. “the one who, the one that”
ínen adv. “*by means of that (relative)”
inie pron. “she, the woman referred to”
inikka pron. and conj. “*as small as”
ino pron. “he, the man referred to”
inta pron. “*their (emphatic possessive)”
intin pron. “they (emphatic)”
inya² pron. “my (emphatic possessive)”
inye pron. “I (emphatic)”
iro adv. “*for that reason (relative)”
issa pron. “*their (emphatic possessive other)”
isse conj. “where [relative]”
issin pron. “they (emphatic other)”
isti pron. “they (other)”
ke pron. “you (familiar)”
kina adj. and pron. “a certain quantity, some, a certain amount, a little (when little is precise and not partitive)”
laka adj. and pron. “much (abundant), a great quantity”
láqane pron. “nobody at all”
le¹ pron. “you”
-lla suf. “*your (polite)”
-lta suf. “*his, her, its”
me pron. “we, us”
-mma suf. “*our (exclusive)”
-ngwa suf. “*our (inclusive)”
ni pron. “I, me”
ninya pron. “my (emphatic possessive)”
-nta¹ suf. “*their”
nwe [ñ] pron. “*we (inclusive)”
-nya suf. “*my”
-nye suf. “I”
nye pron. “me, I”
sa¹ pron. “it (abstract object), that”
sa² pron. “they (3rd pl. inanimate)”
sainen adv. “*by that (mentioned) means”
sal(de) adv. “*in that (mentioned) way”
sallume adv. “at that [mentioned] time”
sámen adv. “*aiming for that (previously mentioned)”
sana adj. and pron. “that (previously mentioned)”
san(an)de adv. “to the very degree”
sanas(se) adv. “*there (previously mentioned)”
sandon adv. “*like that (mentioned)”
sane pron. “that (anaphoric)”
sanima pron. “such, *of that sort (previously mentioned)”
sanome(s) adv. “*in that place (previously mentioned)”
saro adv. “therefore, for that reason named, and so”
sasse pron. “*there (previously mentioned)”
satwe pron. “the same one (of two), the one (of two) mentioned”
se¹ pron. “they”
se² [þ] pron. “he, she, it, they (other)”
sen pron. “them”
si pron. “this”
sie pron. “here”
sil(de) adv. “so, in this way, like this”
silka pron. “*this much, this great”
sillini pron. “so many”
símen¹ adv. “here”
símen² adv. “*aiming at this”
sina adj. and pron. “this; this fact (stated by me)”
sinárea pron. “*this old, this long lasting”
sin(de) adv. “so, so much”
sindon adv. “like this”
sine pron. “this (by me)”
sínen adv. “*by this means”
sinima pron. “*of this sort”
sinis(se) adv. “*here”
sinome adv. “here”
siro adv. “*for this reason”
sisse pron. “here”
sitwe pron. “*these (of two)”
-sta³ suf. “*his, her, its (other)”
-sta⁴ suf. “*their (other)”
ta¹ pron. “that, it”
ta² pron. “it (3rd sg. inanimate)”
tainen adv. “by that means”
tal(de) adv. “so, thus, like that”
talka pron. “*that much, that great”
tallini pron. “that many”
támen adv. “*aiming at that”
tana adj. and pron. “that”
tanárea pron. “*that old, that long lasting”
tanas(se) adv. “*there”
tan(de) adv. “that much, so”
tandon adv. “like that”
tane pron. “that”
tanikka pron. “*that small”
tanima pron. “*of that sort”
tanome adv. “*in that place”
taro adv. “*for that reason”
tasse adv. “there”
tatwa adj. “*that (of two)”
tatwe pron. “that other one (pointing)”
te pron. “him, her, it”
tha pron. “*it (other)”
†the pron. “him, her, it (other)”
thu pron. “them (dual other)”
ti pron. “*there by you”
tí pron. “them”
til(de) adv. “like [that by] you”
tilde n. “spike, horn”
tina adj. and pron. “this (of yours); this fact (by you)”
tine pron. “that by you”
tínen adv. “*by this means”
toi pron. “they”
tu pron. “dual 3a”
-tya suf. “*your (familiar)”
tye pron. “thee, you (familiar)”
uma adj. and pron. “some (when the identity is unknown); something or other”
umainen adv. “*by some means”
umalde adv. “somehow”
umalka pron. “*an unknown quanity”
umallume adv. “some time”
umámen adv. “*aiming at something”
uman(an) adv. “sometime, at some time”
umanar adv. “some day”
um(an)aryas adv. “in a certain day”
uman(de) adv. “somewhat”
umandon adv. “*like something”
#umane pron. “someone, somebody”
umanima pron. “of some kind”
umanome adv. “*in some place”
umaro adv. “*for some reason”
umas(se) adv. “*somewhere”
waryallume adv. “*at a different time”
ya pron. “relative pronoun”
yana pron. “yonder; that (the former)”
yanas(se) adv. “*there (remote)”
yane pron. “that yonder”
yasse adv. “there [remote]; once upon a time”
-za pron. “abstract object”

23.5 Noun Inflection

-i suf. “plural suffix”
-ie¹ suf. “abstract noun”
-le suf. “abstract noun”
-li suf. “plural (suffix)”
#-me suf. “abstract noun”
-n¹ suf. “genitive suffix”
-n² suf. “dative suffix”
-ndon suf. “like, as”
-nna suf. “to, towards; allative suffix”
-o suf. “*genitive ending”
-r¹ suf. “plural suffix”
-re suf. “gerund”
-sse¹ suf. “in, at, on; locative”
#-sse² suf. “abstract noun”
-t suf. “dual ending”
-u suf. “dual ending”
-va suf. “adjectival”

23.6 Verb Inflection

á¹ particle. “imperative particle”
-(á)re suf. “general action verbal suffix”
-ie² suf. “gerund suffix”
-ie³ suf. “perfect suffix”
-ie⁴ suf. “stative suffix”
-ina suf. “adjective suffix; passive participle”
ko adv. “reflexive”
-lya² suf. “imperfect participle”
-nde suf. “general action verbal suffix”
-nwa suf. “perfective adjective”
#-sta² suf. “*noun suffix”
-ste suf. “general action verbal suffix”
-ula suf. “verbal adjective (likelihood, aptitude), apt to, likely to do so”
†-umne suf. “future-past”
-(u)va suf. “future suffix”
-ya² suf. “aorist active participle, general verbal adjective”

23.7 Comparative, Intensive

an- pref. “intensive prefix”
lai adv. “very”
#-on² suf. “great”
un-/um- pref. “intensive prefix with evil sense”

23.8 Conjunction

ananta conj. “but yet, and yet”
í conj. “when, whenever, at the time mentioned (relative)”
inan adv. “(relative) at the time mentioned, at the same time”
íqa conj. “when, whenever”
íre² conj. “when”
mennai conj. “until”
nan conj. and adv. “but, on the contrary, on the other hand; again”
san conj. and adv. “*then”

23.9 Affix

#-a suf. “adjectival suffix”
ana- pref. “to, towards”
-ma suf. “instrumental”
-nta² suf. “to become or be made”
-ta suf. “causative”
#-voite suf. “adjective suffix”
#-ya¹ suf. “adjective suffix”

23.99 Grammar (other)

ai adv. “supposing, suppose, maybe”
alla¹ interj. “hail!”
mestanyatse n. “suffixion”
minqetyarme n. “accentuation”
mittande n. “infixion, insertion”
tengwesta n. “grammar; collection of writing”